APRIL 1935 •
REMODELING
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* PUBLICITY FOR ARCHITECTS • WATERPROOFING REFERENCE DATA
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AN ARCHITECT
IN THIS MONTH'S EDITORIAL SPOTLIGHT
REMODELING, MODERNIZATION, REPAIR . . . An active field of building that has recently become a fertile and lucra- tive one for architects because of recent Congressional action that raised to $50,000 the limit of loans, insurable under FHA terms, available to owners of commercial properties
PUBLICITY FOR ARCHITECTS . . . In the February issue, American Architect proposed a plan for nationally organized publicity as the key to better business. This month Harry A. Bruno, a public relations expert of national standing, discusses ways and means by which architects can sponsor an effective public relations campaign
WATERPROOFING . . . The seventeenth of American Archi- tect's Reference Data Series. Facts, figures, charts, drawings— all have been used by Tyler Stewart Rogers to present the basic solutions to the architect's waterproofing problems. From foot- ings to ridge waterproofing, methods are discussed from the same standpoint of unbiased authority that. has made the Reference Data Series an acknowledged and invaluable guide to sound building practices
5101] “зицојј сиоторлод зо“) uosa N ириш 19 | eur [9]
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и
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AMERICAN ARCHITECT
БЕ RE
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STEEL HEATING BOILERS 4
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The R-Z-U
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Apartments, hotels, schools, churches, hospi- The Fitzgibbons R-Z-U is truly a “boiler-
tals, office buildings, industrial buildings, in man’s boiler"—built by a company which for short, all types of buildings within this range a continuous half centu has built steel boil- are finding the use of the Fitzgibbons ers exclusively. Architects can safely specify R-Z-U, full and adequate heating service and this boiler, heating contractors can confident-
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FOR APRIL 1935 3
s. AND ALL THE MATERIALS IN THE WIRING SYSTEM ARE
It must be remembered that when you talk to prospective home builders, the wiring materials—such as Rigid Conduit, BX, Boxes, Fittings, Building Wires, Con- venience Outlets, Switches, Sockets and Plates—in themselves mean very little. However, home builders do know the General Electric Company and its reputation for quality products. Therefore, when you tell your prospects that the electrical convenience, com- fort and safety in their homes is to be maintained by General Electric products, you assuredly will have their confidence. Every home, large or small, can be made a better place in which to live if the wiring system is adequate. Don’t overlook this most necessary feature in your home planning.
The General Electric Company manufactures all
the materials necessary for a complete wiring system. Take advantage of these products that are designed and engi- neered to be used with each other, G-E White Rigid Conduit, BX Cable, Outlet Boxes, Fittings, G-E Safecote Building Wires, G-E Convenience Outlets, Switches and Plates when installed in the homes you are planning assure your customers electrical safety, comfort and convenience .. . they build up good will for you.
In every type of building that you are planning, General Electric Wiring Materials can be eco- nomically and satisfactorily used. For further information regarding these products, see your nearest G-E Merchandise Distributor or write to Section CDW-244, Merchandise Department, General Electric Company, Bridgeport, Conn.
GENERAL € ELECTRIC
WIRING MATERIALS
MERCHANDISE DEPARTMENT, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT
4
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
< < < < < «>>> WHAT IS LINOLEUM’S PART in the SMALL HOME? |
HERE'S not a single room in the T whole house that cannot be made smarter and brighter with the right floor of Armstrong’s Linoleum. These modern floors have earned their place in the deco- rative scheme—and a big place it is. With a wide range of patterns and limitless custom-built effects available, there is no room where you cannot take advantage of the linoleum floor as an integral element in your plan of decoration. Whether in cottage or mansion, there is an extra measure of smart individuality to be gained from the floor of Armstrong’s Linoleum.
But modern linoleum floors have more to offer than beauty. They are the most practical and convenient of all floors. With only reasonable care they will keep that “first day" appearance through a long life of service . . . and they are so easy and economical to care for that they need never be neglected. Long after а new house has become a lived-in home, you will merit and receive the praise of the client who has been freed from the house- keeping burden of floors that are not so easy to саге for. For full information and a list of local contractors who can furnish prices, write Armstrong Cork Produets €o., Floor Division,
1901 State Street, Lancaster, Ра.
Armstrong’s LINOLEUM FLOORS
FOR APRIL 1935 5
BRIDLES POR ми...
J. Jay Hirz
AN on the rampage lays waste the land and snuffs out human life with reckless abandon. Bridled air...air under control...is the servant of man. @ Bridling air has been Sturtevant's job for over 70 years. Today it makes available America’s most comprehensive line of air equipment...including, in part, Ventilating Fans, Air
Conditioning Apparatus, Unit Heaters, Unit Ventilators, and Portable and Central
System Vacuum Cleaners. ` ` . B. F. Sturtevant Company, Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. SI u rleva n | 45)
VENTILATING + HEATING + AIR CONDITIONING + VACUUM CLEANING EQUIPMENT
6 AMERICAN ARCHITECT
АМЕК!САМ ARCHITECT
Trade-Mark Reg. U. S. Patent Ойсе
VOLUME CXLVI NUMBER 2632 R CODE BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BETTS, A.I.A., Editor
Rocer WADE SHERMAN, Managing Editor
TYLER STEWART Rocers, Technical Editor
R. F. GARDNER, T. W. TOWLER, General Manager Advertising Manager
FOR APRIL 1935
Cover Design by Ernest Born
Old’ Stockholm, Swed@tis с r. нез аа аеннан: 8 Phofograph by Sigurd Fischer
Unity Is Strength 2 By Benjamin F. Betts, А.А.
Remodeling, Modernization, Кераїг........................ 10
Organize First . . . then Plan for Better Business........... 30 By Harry А. Bruno
General Electric House Competition 33
Efficiency Rules in This Pent-House Ойїсе................. 49 By Atlee B. Ayres, Е.А.1.А.
As It Looks to the Editors. (ioci oie oot tir neigt 52
Trends and: Tapes of the TIN os caus вркен ээ сакъ re er 54
Appraisal and Mortgage Ѕегуісе..... ice ei аа аана 56 By William J. Provoost, АЛ.А.
Rockefeller Center Barber Shop, New York................ 59 Reinhard & Hofmeister, Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray, Hood & Fouilhoux, Architects
The Тери! Side ak ДтееНкесвцте. ones enter гонат snura 63 By Clinton Н. Blake
Waterproofing and Оатрргообпе.......................... 65 By Tyler Stewart Rogers
The Readers Have А; Word to Зау.... +. «+ жзне rn mmm rene 94
GGUS cancer жатса ж а sacha k param ao Pio FRIES do STR BO payan ее 96
В САТО Е nora аана НОВО TX шд А a E e 97
New Materials грана P гинен нива dite чайгы à вандала ивы 99
AMERICAN ARCHITECT. Published monthly by International Publications, Inc.. 572 Madison Avenue, New York. Other Offices, 919 М. Michigan Avenue, Chicago; General Motors Bldg., Detroit; 132 Newbury Street, Boston. William Randolph Hearst, President; Richard E. Berlin, Vice President; John Randolph Hearst, Vice President; Arthur S. Moore, Secretary. Copyright, 1935, by International Publications, Inc. Single copies, $1.00. Subscription: United States and Possessions, $3.00 per year; Canada, $4.00; Foreign, $5.00. Entered as second-class matter, April 5, 1926, at Post Office, New York, under Act of March 3, 1879. American Architect is protected by copyright and nothing that appears in it may be reproduced either wholly or in part without special permission.
Unity Is Strength
BY BENJAMIN Р. BETTS, A.I.A.
НЕ uniting of all architects in the United States in a single, compact organization is
essential for the protection and future welfare of the profession. Failure of attempts
to secure legislation, eliminate competition of Government bureaus, elevate profes- sional standards and properly publicize the profession emphasizes the importance of strength of numbers and purpose.
The need for unification was recognized by the American Institute of Architects in 1932, At that time was formed a plan based upon membership in the Institute of state societies: as units. After three years the plan has not progressed much beyond the state of being an idea. And no idea is better than its execution. It is questionable whether or not this plan can ever be entirely successful.
The Institute at present is not representative of the entire profession. Its membership includes about 3,000 active Fellows and Members—about thirty per cent of the practic- ing architects. The membership should represent more nearly eighty per cent. It should be an organization for the many—not for the few—if it is ever to be a powerful factor and influence in furthering the best interests of the profession and the public.
The Institute is the profession’s only national organization. Expansion of its member- ship fully to represent the profession—without differing classifications—would merely be promoting its avowed objects: “To organize and unite in fellowship the architects of the United States of America, to combine their efforts so as to promote the esthetic, scien- tific and practical efficiency of the profession and to make the profession of ever-increas- ing service to society.” These objectives can never be made a reality by a minority mem- bership. The profession can never become a strong group without unity. The needs of the times can never be met without co-ordination of purpose and action.
Unification of the profession in fact and not in theory is the first vital step in attacking problems which confront the profession today. Action toward this end should be taken at the Institute Convention which will be held in Milwaukee next month.
Remodeling,
Modernization, Repair...
Alleyways of Buildings Become a Broad Highway
10
ROM FHA s Second Industrial Conference оп the National Housing Act came a proposal that Congress amend the Act by increasing to $50,000 the former $2,000 limit on mod- ernization loans insured by FHA. The House already has approved the change by a huge
majority. The Senate, probably, will soon do likewise.
To all concerned with building this is news of encouraging significance. It means that from 12,691 approved financial institutions throughout the country owners of commercial buildings can borrow low-interest money for much-needed property improvements. It means also that architects will now have an equal chance with builders and building material manufacturers to
advance their opportunities along the newest highway to building recovery.
Stimulus of the FHA Better Housing Campaign swelled the total of Remodeling, Moderniza- tion and Repair activities to nearly $300,000,000 in less than six months. Practically all that money was spent in the residential field. The amendment to the NHA applies to commer- cial structures, and estimates by B. J. Flynn, Director of the FHA Industries Division, place the extent of this activity at $2,000,000,000. A recent survey of the Division indicated that
in the case of stores alone modernization was urgent in more than 750,000 cases.
Such estimates may prove to be pardonably optimistic. But they mirror the fact that the building industry is headed along a firm road to recovery. Remodeling, Modernization and Repair were once odd-job alleyways of building. Today they constitute a highway down which the individual architect can travel toward better business. With but $2,000 at his disposal, the average owner of a residence could do little more to his property than was barely essen- tial to improve its appearance or equipment. With $50,000 the owner of a commercial struc- ture can undertake a major operation. Work of this sort requires architectural services for its successful conclusion. And for many such projects architects will be retained if they will
seriously challenge the bright promise of the building industry's immediate future.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
JAMES J. ВЕУАМ, ARCHITECT REMODELED HOUSE OF RICHARD BLACKWELL
RYE NEW YORK
Тоғ
INEW STAIRS
NEW
BED RM 12x18
GARAGE UNDER
Progressive Remodeling to mse? chanain
20'-6"
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
BLACKWELL
RICHARD RYE, NEW YORK
OF
HOUSE
JAMES J. BEVAN, ARCHITECT
FOF
STORAGE
BED RM 12-616
п а ilti "m xu ШШШ ҮҮ
e architect's fee—made а mfortable, attractive Hage from an old structure
that dated + 700, Heavy ne ndicate ne rk on the plan
FRITZ STEFFENS, ARCHITECT
ALTERATIONS TO HOUSE OF OLIN C. POTTER OLD LYME, CONNECTICUT
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
WEBER
Remodeling in + ored tl nal c f an old build- $97,626
GATES & STANDISH, ARCHITECTS
BEVERLY CITY HALL BEVERLY, MASSACHUSETTS
ENGINEER 1 VAULT ENGINEER REGISTRAR OF VOTERS Е TREASURER | эша COLLECTOR | | WORKS | = | VAULT | PUBLIC | WORK ASSESSORS I ШЇ | | Ш || [Е FIRST FLOOR PLAN
w CLERK [| treasurer | |
VAULT
|| TREASURER
REGISTRAR OF VOTERS
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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== Е | = AUDITOR |
ENGINEER |
WEIGHTS & MEASURES
The Beverly City
lutionary privat
It had Е
n an unusually f
mansions of the and showed the design
Macintyre. After purchase by the town it was altered twi
original character completely lost. Th
vork was attempted to
ling if not the form of t
old house and at
time to create a modern city hall in keeping with the arc tural traditions of the locality. Left: plan of the building before the 1933
remodeling. Below: plans as altered. Gates & Standish, archi
WOMEN
ALDERMANIC CHAMBER
п чанае) Fa Ў INSPECTORS
||
VAULT
MAYOR'S
COMMITTEE CONSULTATION
ROOM
WELFARE |
SECOND FLOOR PLAN THIRD FLOOR PLAN
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
vy gee arney TRE TT _ 843 [' ар ET — маны 2 г тте ЕС i ee sea 2 7K TEN š CATO
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Modernization of th removing origina
structure with pneu
end resurfacing with tan and bu
EDWARD L. MAYBERRY, ARCHITECT AND ENGINEER ALLISON AND ALLISON, CONSULTING ARCHITECTS
STORE BUILDING FOR THE J. W. ROBINSON CO. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
PHOTOS BY ASSOCIATED PHOTOGRAPHERS
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
WM "
=”
ВУ HEDRICH-BLESSING
KOENIGSBERG & WEISFELD, INC., ARCHITECTS
STORE BUILDING FOR FELTMAN & CURME CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
е ем yee" RES таш ANE
20 AMERICAN ARCHITECT
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Modernization of this
in nearly eve
FOR APRII 1935 21
Modernization money +
WALTER T. WILLIAMS, ARCHITECT
INTERIOR OF LIGGETT DRUG STORE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
— ca tt
“Жө ee cs eo
НЕ BAKERIES COMPANY.
r.
ROBERT LAW WEED, ARCHITECT
AMERICAN BAKERIES CO. BUILDING MIAMI, FLORIDA
FOR APRIL 1935
Bš BB Bš BE BE НЕ ШШ ШШ HHHHHHH „ HHH |||. нии
| L Additions | | | Е | | = | es CC A т l "——— l
ce-corr/ ey
LUN rics БАКСА!
ABEL FAIDY, ARCHITECT
APARTMENT OF MISS IRMA GLEN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Photographs by Hedrich-Blessina
N л
mem а
Interior archi
А
WIDE WORLD STUDIOS
HE entire public consciousness—in politics, finance, commerce and art—now is definitely directed toward what is commonly called a “new deal.” This indicates the building of a
new structure or a definite and sometimes radical
rebuilding of the old. In such a program of change the architect can readily discover tangible relation- ships with his profession.
But what can he do to measure accurately the degree of public consciousness as to his position in the prevailing scheme of things?
The architect must make his place—or have it made for him—by putting himself before the public as a constructive, sound aide in the nation’s social, structural апа psychological rejuvenation.
Concretely, just how can that be done?
'The architect must create (and it is his normal professional function to create) a strong reason why the general public will require and demand his ser- vices. He must take advantage of this national wave of "rebuilding consciousness." He must be presented to his public with the proper dignity yet with a most concrete, direct and sound message. Many reasons must be clearly shown why he should be retained on private and public enterprises. A def- inite demand for his services must be generated.
'The matter of impressing upon the general public the utility value of the architect is an important phase of such a campaign. The nation should under- stand the value, the economy, and the basic neces- sity of an architect's technical skill and business ex- perience in the building or rebuilding of any type of structure. It must be shown to the public that
30
Publicity Expert Says:
Organize First...
BY HARRY A. BRUNO
Public Re
ns Counsel
without the architect the success of any building
enterprise is doubtful to a great degree. At present
this knowledge is not general. Thus, it is not sur- prising that in the recent expenditure of Federal,
State and municipal funds for rebuilding, the archi-
tectural profession was unable to seize the vast op-
portunities confronting it.
But action taken on behalf of the profession must be national and united. The profession must agree on its campaign, and then adhere to it for ultimate success. Only on such a basis could any organiza- tion expect to influence public opinion favorably.
Procedure on stich a national campaign might be as follows:
1. The co-ordinating of existing local, State and
National architectural groups in a meeting to determine definite policy.
2. Selection of acceptable trustees.
3. The raising of campaign funds by subscription of small sums, or “campaign memberships” from every architect.
4. Establishment of a national campaign head-
quarters.
Development of a national Bureau of Informa-
tion, collection and exchange.
6. Selection of an adequate Public
Counsel to handle the campaign.
Arrangement of local or sectional outlets for
the campaign, via individual
groups and organizations.
The matter of consistency and constant attack is one which is of importance in such a campaign for the architectural profession.
tn
Relations
architectural
The message of the
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
FOR
then Plan for Better Business
Public demand for architects’ services is the key to
better business for every member of the profession.
It can be effectively stimulated if architects will unite
in a nationally organized public relations campaign
architect should be driven home with unrelenting force, yet with sufficient subtlety to avoid offense. In this connection there should be considered the advantages of what can be called “tie-up” or co- operative activity with such allied industries or pro- fessional channels as might benefit the architect and strengthen the campaign. Through such co-opera- tive tie-ups two things can be accomplished: in- creased publicity and mutual good-will for both architect and co-operators ; and the gradual elimina- tion of those competing elements which have in- fringed upon the architect's own provinces.
The question of paid advertising—similar to that done by the agricultural groups, the milk industry, etc.—should be carefully considered by the group charged with decision as to the nature and direction of the campaign. There are merits and faults in such group advertising. Some are obvious; others subtle and obscure. But under proper circumstances and control, group advertising can be an integral and important phase of a well co-ordinated and vigorous publie relations campaign.
What has been found effective for other profes- sional groups and industrial or commercial organiza- tions, certainly might benefit the architectural pro- fession. A brief consideration of how any other group has been organized and promoted will pro- vide a line of attack for the architects’ campaign. Some methods may be more spectacular than others, some results may differ in value and effectiveness. But the fundamental principles of organization and procedure are identical.
If every architect in the nation were to become
APRIL
1935
a subscribing member to а national drive оп behali of his profession, it would cost him little more than the price of a good dinner. If the leaders in the pro- fession, endowed with wealth, were to consider such a national campaign worthy of a bequest of consid- erable size, to aid the young and coming members, an Endowment Fund could be established which would, in a short length of time, be able to accom- plish wonders for the entire profession. Operation of a national clearing house for ideas, advice and opportunity as a stimulus to building activity would soon put hundreds of now-idle artisans back into profitable employment.
Another method of obtaining funds might prove a practical possibility. This would involve the in- stitution of a "voluntary sales tax" on jobs done by architects. The profession might agree that for a period of, say, two or three years or longer, a “volun- tary sales tax” (commemorated by a stamp, per- haps) would be donated by each architect who had successfully completed and had been paid for a piece of work. The amount of such percentage contribu- tion might range according to the amount of the fee. In the aggregate there would be established a splendid reserve fund for the purpose of carrying on a campaign for architects and for more jobs.
A series of exhibits, arranged from time to time at strategic or key points throughout the country, could also provide a source of revenue. A national exposition could do likewise. A nationally rotating show would be another means of fund raising, as well as publicity. At the present time many such efforts are being made locally. But they should
be co-ordinated for the national benefit of the pro- fession, as well as for the individual and benefits which would accrue.
A Board of Fair Practice, similar to the board of ethies of other professions, could be developed to the point where unfair competition from out- side elements might be reduced to the minimum and any existing unfair tactics or practices within the profession itself be curbed.
In other words, there are many and devious ways through which the architect may be brought to the attention and consciousness of the public, with suc- cessful results, It is a matter for careful study and analysis, concerted action, and thorough campaign.
local
The avenues of approach seem almost obvious— the machinery, however, is intricate. The financial cost of such a campaign is negligible provided the right plan and the proper co-ordination of the pro- fession is decided upon.
Strange as it may sound, the matter of obtaining funds in these days, and administrations, is remarkably easy—provided a definite plan of campaign can be shown. The details of that plan, however, can be determined only after careful research and thoughtful consideration. Money is being spent—more will be spent—on structural projects. At the bottom of the hill of fu- ture prosperity is where, today, sound plans must be made by architects. Without such plans the peak
of this new order of prosperity and professional opportunity cannot be scaled. A census-taking with- in the profession may reveal part of the answer— the time is opportune for new planning. And who should plan better than an architect?
To summarize the foregoing:
The public must learn really to know the architect.
The opportunity must be developed for the pro- fession.
The campaign must begin before undue time has been lost.
The profession must solidly support such plan led on.
The cost is negligible, and obtainable, without burden on the individual or the profession.
Lest all this appear either nebulous or ambiguous, let it be emphasized that machinery for a campaign necessary to accomplish the foregoing details can be provided. Details of it need not be stated here. The essential point to make is that there should be, and can be a national public consciousness generated on a proper basis for the individual architect and the profession as a whole. This could produce only one result—provision of adequate new opportunities for every substantial member and, in the eyes of the public, the firm establishment of the profession as a valuable technical factor essential to the success- ful conclusion of every building venture.
as dec
PLEASE ANSWER-Yes, or Мо...
ETTER BUSINESS for every architect in the country can be developed. How? By regain- ing public confidence lost to the profession through detrimental influences of organized
competition. By telling everyone what an architect is, what he does, what his services cost. By creating а demand for architectural services on every type of structure.
The best way of accomplishing this is through the vigorous and continuing conduct of an educational program sponsored by every architect in the country — a Nationally Planned Public Relations Campaign for the whole architectural profession.
Two requisites for the success of such a program are organization and financing. lf you realize the necessity of creating better business through education of the public, write im- mediately to the Editor of AMERICAN ARCHITECT answers to these two questions:
1. Will you co-operate with all other architects in sponsoring a Nationally Planned Public Relations Campaign and, if necessary, act locally under direction to further it?
2. На program for such a campaign were properly formulated under direction of ac- ceptable trustees, would you help support it for a year by contributing a maximum of twenty-five cents a week?
No obligation of any sort will be expressed or implied by your answers of "Yes" or "Мо". All that AMERICAN ARCHITECT desires here is а poll of opinion on the questions asked.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
Winning Designs in the “Home Electric Competition”
Sponsored by the General Electric Company
EPRODUCED on the following pages are the twelve small house designs that won, respectively, the grand, first, second and third prizes in the four classes of Не "Home Electric Competition," recently conducted by the General Electric Company. With them are three drawings selected from those given honorable mention in classes A, В and С. Fifty-four prizes, totaling $21,000, were awarded, inlcuding forty honorable mentions. From every state in the Union designers submitted a total of two thousand forty drawings which were judged in New York on March 19th to 23rd, inclusive.
The Jury of Award consisted of:
RALPH T. WALKER, F.A.I.A., Architect—Chairman GRACE LANGDON, Director,
FRANKLIN ©. ADAMS, A.LA., Architect Educational Advisory Service, New York, N. Y. ERNEST A. GRUNSFELD, JR., Architect HAROLD D. HYNDS, Chief, Constructive Section of CHARLES T. INGHAM, БАЛА. Architect the Subsistence Homestead Division, Department
| à of the Interior H. ROY KELLEY, A.l.A., Architect HUGH POTTER, President,
CHARLES W. KILLAM, F.A.I.A., Architect River Oaks Corporation, Houston, Texas
ELIEL P. SAARINEN, A-LA., Architect The Professional Adviser was
KATHERINE FISHER, Director, KENNETH К. STOWELL, A.I.A., and the Electrical Good Housekeeping Institute Engineering Consultant, HENRY W. RICHARDSON.
Ths competition was essentially four simultaneous competitions, The problems presented were the designs of small and medium sized houses with two houses in each class—one designed for a northern climate and the other for a southern climate.
The program for the small house (class A and B) specified a house of not more than 20,000 cubic feet, to be built on a suburban inside level lot 50 feet wide and 100 feet deep. The owner's family was described as consisting of two adults and a boy aged four. They own an automobile and do not employ an all-time maid. For the Class C and Class D houses, competitors were asked to imagine a house built for a family consist-
ing of two adults, a boy, aged fourteen, and a girl, aged nine. Provision was to be made for two automobiles
and a maid. The program limited the size of the house to 35,000 cubic feet to be built on a suburban inside level lot 75 feet wide and 150 feet deep.
Competitors were required to present one drawing for the class in which entry was made. This sheet was
to include plans at 1/4” scale with furniture and electrical equipment and outlets shown; plot plan at
1/16" = 1'0"; two perspectives of the house and а cubage tabulation and diagram.
FOR APRIL 1935 33
GRAND PRIZE, CLASS А and В
зе FLOOR: 1 HOUSE SO x2 х Gr PORCH-W' x.
LIVING WESE
—— ma + SECOND|HLOOR _ ^ ә | CIRIT FLOOR ra š Ќ : М ORTI == = СЕЛШ ВАЗЕМЕНТ Ц! hi
2 ^g Sz ОО < па 5 2
Р
РОА: Зи LB
0
EDE EEO
HAYS AND SIMPSON, ARCHITECTS
CLEVELAND, OHIO 34
serie court
PLOT PLAN
KEY TO GE EQUIPMENT =refrigerator - KF iz ча fishwaiher model -p toor Cabinet type ranqe - 612
1 1 3 4 5 et 7: 8 9: 0
вое
20: Cleaners -AV-4
e
N кеш storage
= Ме. rooted | pau
I sens rm ndech a Wel p ipoe } ваше Tupa > room
19 ITI
= ШИП SECOND FLOOR
GRAND PRIZE, CLASS C and D
ung room
У, г"
ploy deck oer | `
KITCHEN. INTERIOR
PAUL SCHWEIKHER AND THEODORE W. LAMB
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
SOUTH
VIEW
excavate BASEMENT
35
FIRST PRIZE, CLASS А
PERSPECTIVE AS SEEN FROM FROM THE GARD
е £ š
III
£
E
سك
BLOCK PLAN
CUBAGE DIAGRAMS BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
: EQUIPMENT SHOWN ON THE DE PLANS N
2458.75 | HIST ROOR 1 IMPERIAL RANGE & RATPLATE IRONER
H | 2 DISHWASHER 7 WASHER
3 REFRIGERATOR
$ CLEANER
$ DRYER O WORKSHOP
e
SECOND FLOOR ВТОР VOL
STEPHEN J. ALLING
NEW YORK, N. Y. 36
FIRST PRIZE, CLASS С
PORC" Е 224
LAUNDAY J ште
GAUGE US j GENERAL ELECTRIC " EQUIPMENT
e= nay LAUNDEY £7 1 WASHER Ali tova SFLATPLATE IRONER. і AIRON KITCHEN 1 REFRIGERATOR. 2 DISHNASHLL- SINK 3 RANGE 4 ҒАМ -CINAUST 5 CLOCK Y ¢ MIER 7 PERCOLATOR. 6 CLEANERS HEATER & GARAGE 1 Оң. FURNACE 1 AIR CONDITIONER 3 CONDENSER - FUTURE 4 LIGHTING PANEL
ORLAKFAST I RADIO 2 WAFFLE IRON 3 wOTPLATE 4 TOASTER. 5 CHAFING DISH DINING - LIVING 1 RADIO 2 CLOCK GAMES 4 WORK 1 RADIO t САТНЕ 3 SOLDERING IRON MASTER 1 RADIO 2 CURLING IRON SWEATING PADS 4 CLOCK 5 MASTER. LIGHT SWITCH MASTER BATH 1 ВОТ POINT 2 LAOL SHARPENER. i 5 SUN LAMP DAUGHTER. DAUGHTER h 1 RADIO wies I Z HEATING PAD : 3 CLOCK
SON чыг
1 i 1 RADIO ои f у 1 2 501010 то гон ç k = Lass 3 CLOCK | 4 4 SUN LAMP | t+ 4-4 4 LAUNDRY GENERAL | 4 $ 2 z LIGHTING FIXTURES ЕНЕ 4 WIRING s CONDUITS ب Boxen. SWITCHE Ë b 3 > + А OUTLETS MOTORS
^
B
š ИЮ, Fó item z Сивас ‘HEM а cits
CLASS C`
LABOR IMPROBUS OMNIA VH
J. ANDRE FOUILHOUX AND DON E. HATCH
NEW YORK, N. Y. 37
SECOND PRIZE, CLASS А
пит иша
ишсЕ
BALCONY
m. D un и тын L H uu кок;
ин qat LIVING ROON 17%.10
7^
KITCHEN веш? *
om:
FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR
mdp es ELECTRIC TQUIPMENT
DISHWASHER AN Ни, OIL DURNER “| Ц Гү: НЕ CONDITIONER $ i | n PORTABLE пош. k Wi NUIT 3 боси; i noe II 1244167 nooo kot 10011004145 со 100740015 » 50 TOTAL CUBE = МАЮ то
A ONE.
PLOT PLIN KITCHEN CONSTRUCTION -STEEL FRAME- FIREPROOF
“TH CLASS А
CUDACE DIAGRAMS
RALPH H. BURKHARD, RICHARD C. HOYT, ANGELO MESSINA
NEW YORK, N. Y. 38
SECOND PRIZE, CLASS В
LEGEND OF EQUIPMENT CUBAGE COMPUTATION И
RANGE -MODEL С12 IMPERIAL 1 BASEMENT: US - 125-15 + 1079 LESS 55- 30-60 ês- 106 DL/HWASHEQ - -MODEL DMF * GARAGE. — #118: REFRIGERATOR-MODEL TT " шн ДД PLUS №. 35 . > 1185 CEILING VENTILATOR. FAN Mm FIRST пови Ee CLOTHES WASHER.- AW 25 dien ZND FLOOR 2. им - FLAT PLATE IRONER.- AF lO ў d = wry 1 CHMY t0- 20-40 - GENERAL ELECTRIC WORKSHOP f idi TOTAL CUBE OIL FURNACE-MODEL-LAS : P AIR. CONDITIONER. ~ - AAS COOLING COILS VAR FILTER CONDENSING COLS UNIT G-E- SUN LAMP FLOR TYPE: CONCEALED RADIATOR. ~ SUN LAMP." CEILING TYPE RADIO - РАМОМАЗТЕЮ, GECLOCKS ~- PERSPECTIVE OF KITCHEN
UN DECK 9e IENE
` ‘SONS DED за rura
Gel MASTER MD рк иө
ш COMTOUM > 7 toon esis 44
TEVET 2и! заб d
BASEMENT PLAN GARAGE Е)
Ld
i.i шаг
FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN
JOHN EKIN DINWIDDIE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 39
SECOND PRIZE, CLASS С
- Vi FROM STREET + “VIEW FROM GARDEN - VIEW FROM 5
ая ay
š je шума Ем оу (
* KITCHEN ·
[4] WORKSHOP _ 119 Boxso © Я RECREATION ROOM MOXZTO
* PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR: "И OF BASEMENT -
ARTHUR MARTINI, JONAS PENDLEBURY
FLUSHING, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. 40
SECOND PRIZE, CLASS D
TOTAL CUBAGE счет
SECOND FLOOR 5595 FIRST FLOOR 21800 BASEMENT 1905
GRAND TOTAL 32600
ak KOOR | — | i ROOF TERRACE |
т-с с HZ SECTION А-В5х150х90 | m - É © -13,5 x430 x90 ла. ee
€-I&Ox 70x90
FIRST FLOOR : " { P. KITCHEN 9 оле
DIMENSIONS: E 7175 x205 „08
Seeveubun-
KITCHEN CABINETS CLOCK VENTILATING FAN MIXER
Му х@5 28095 - 355 N-4x&5xz00xN5- 375 | TOTAL. 21600
СА)
INFRA RED LAMP.
20 RADIO
21 ELECTRIC WORKSHOP LEGEND OF SYMBOLS.
jee
RICHARD J. NEUTRA
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 41
А 30058053705
| B 2527) + |21477 сыф 154 TOTAL
ЗА B AGUS бог b MINIS.
TOTAL 59994
Dor куле z
К 56436 у T | 6155 ^ T 59114
148185 тот di
AR
NS
ARAGE выт
POST
эр” РРР
ЕЕ
28
=
ТЕЗ КЫС
m
T = = A
L- „- МЕМАТ ОН
RICH BASE CABINETS €
АМЕКО-КЕО LAMPS НОТ POINT: KITCH-ACCESS
eeoeeeeocof:
VERNER WALTER JOHNSON, PHIL BIRNBAUM
NEW YORK, N. Y. 42
THIRD PRIZE, CLASS В
sse ШЕТШЕ Мы
TOTAL-AQEA |. 18.825=я
н DON FURNACE FAN 2 Ue CONDITIONE 2- ВАРЮ-Ф1 АТН SELECTRICQANGE: LIFT TOP RERRGEEAIR È WASHER @ DONE FAN Ë REFRIGERATOR -LANGE SSE WA Suit ë FOOD МЫТ puer FAN VACUUM CLEANER FLOOR MACHINI DINING ROOM TOASTER PERCOLATOR WAFFLE IRON CHAFING DISH-CLOCK. IVING ROOM @RADIO FLOOR LAMP TAE LAMP CLOCK SUN LIGHT LAM?” © SEWING MACHINE us RADIC-FLOOR LAMP TABLELAMP HEATING PAD VACUUM CLEANED. FAN BOOM (SON'S) CLOCK SMALL RADO m ROO CAMP RATER apud и LECTRIC ТРАМ BATHROOM SUN LAMP - PÉAY YARD... | | HAIRCUBLER-SMALLI20R-DSC STOVE 4 Scene - L VAZODSHARPENER- IFLA ED LAMP)
— 100- FEET
и ална 5. 2 АЕ MAMITA
HERMAN A. L. BEHLEN
ARDSLEY, NEW YORK 43
THIRD PRIZE, CLASS С
DN ДН £ T
LEGEND
} © АЮМАСЕ LAS
зо 671913 TOTAL. 190774 34.
JOHN HIRONIMUS
NEW YORK, М. У. 44
AREA: 1905.95 SOFT 1903 95+105-19, 9945 СР ] №5115 Ri
бом 00.59
TOTAL VOLUME EQUALS 349896 ант
JOHN DONALD TUTTLE
NEW YORK, N. Y,
Кан
THIRD PRIZE, CLASS D
GENERAL ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT CONDENSING UNIT
REPRIGERATOR. KITCHEN CABINET RADIO
WALL VENTILATING FAN
“4
KITCHEN ANI LAYOUT
ass pT
HONORABLE MENTION, CLASS А
VIEW- FROM- ака дет
pec РЕА j
1 3
а
* LEGEND:
PLOT- PLAN
+ СОБАСЕ * A RST 5045. OTit- 2124 como- поо
жешы$ iK- 200 TALCOTT
+ BASEMENT * PLAN -
1 56701 + SCALE FOR PLANS
JONAS PENDLEBURY SCARSDALE, N. Y.
46
HONORABLE MENTION, CLASS В
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
*LEGLND=
! Ab05-0z CLOCK 19 LMI SUNLAMP 2 4-56 RADIO 10 СМ-6% CONDENSER У DMI SUNLAMP 21 RM-24 BOILER ATING DISH 22 AC-3 AIR CONDITIONER GAMCLEANER 13 GE COOLING UNIT
N RANGE 24 RETURN PLENUM
9763 PERCOLATOR — OCUUNG OUTLET
б.н CABINET $ DIO? CORD 9 Abzf-04 CLOCK © WALL BRACKET 10 T-9 REFRIGERATOR Ф WALL BRACKET Puti Sw И 55x165 FAN H FAN i ру! DISRWASRER FLOORGBS шт CONY OUTLET I3 6-365 CABINET $: LOCAL SWITCH 14 49x 390 MIKER JS 3 war )wiTCH 15 AF40 FLAT PLATE о MOTOR lé ADI DRYER he PUBLIC TELEPHONE 17 AW-Z5 WASHER @ CLOCK 18 @&E МОЖЕ ЗВОР
О ОУ СО ООВ үү! U
id
т мо Living Room Bone
4 24 X SOXIT 55x35 X 9x ye Олгох 91 OX i.5X IO
BASEMENT
LOUIS A. THOMAS
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
PLOT 6 ROOF PLAN
47
HONORABLE MENTION, CLASS С
Cellar plan
abbreviations Leur оҥ c closet
relurn air ic- inen closet soffit, liqht г. radiator br- broom closet ‚ — vent-fan
48
srator-sioT impenal dishwasher-csr
living room 56206
GE EQUIPMENT
workbench
bell fransformer sewing machine washer - Aw-25 wringer-An 23 Поре ironer. AF ю hofpont iran
боо
пег
урю=
LT
Plot plan
HARRIE T.
LINDEBERG,
balcony
Second floor
15 дгуег-др! twin hotplate Gir conditioner AA 3A6 al furnace - LAS chime сай bell 20 lighted house number 21 radio 22 Clock
IAN 1.16 LAE.
ботно
- 97-63; ва" tonal
34432 cuft re CLASS C
NEW YORK, N.
DANIEL NEILINGER
Y.
ГО
THE PULSE ОР PUBLIC TASTE
ГЕ Е Chicago American recently conducted an air conditioned home contest. Readers were asked to answer nine questions and write letters, all point- ing toward what might be considered an ideal house. As a result of the contest, the newspaper will build three houses in the vicinity of Chicago, designs of which will be based upon collective recommenda- tions. It is interesting to examine the trend of pub- lic thought as reflected by the replies submitted. The “modern” style was the choice of 38.7 per cent of those who entered the contest. The second choice was “American Colonial,” 31.4 per cent. Other styles indicated ranged from “English” 17.8 per cent to “Italian” 1.2 per cent. In the matter of material for outside walls 67.8 per cent chose brick ; 12 per cent, clapboards and siding. Stucco, metal and shingles as exterior materials were about equally divided in the minds of the contestants.
А six-room house apparently meets the needs of most families, since 41.2 per cent desired it. Those desiring a five-room house represented 22.7 per cent : seven rooms, 19.7 per cent; nine rooms or more, but 4.1 per cent; and four rooms 3.2 per cent. Two bathrooms were definitely a desirable factor. And as for heating, hot-water received the largest vote, with oil as the fuel. Ninety-five per cent of the re- plies desired summer cooling. The question of the attached or detached garage was almost a “draw.”
Most of the replies are about what might be ex- pected as a reflection of what the public wants. The surprise to many may be the large percentage who favor the “modern” in design. Evidently this idea is capturing public imagination more rapidly than is generally realized. It is an important trend to watch.
SMALL HOUSE COMPETITION
OR many years House Beautiful has conducted Ее annual small house competition. The 1935 Competition which closes October 15th is divided into three classes ; new houses of 8 rooms and under : new houses of 9—12 rooms; and remodeled houses of not more than 12 rooms. Suitable cash prizes will be awarded for the best houses submitted in each class. These competitions have served to bring to the public's attention the best small and moderate sized houses built in various parts of the United States; houses which are of great interest to po- tential builders of new houses. Selected by a com- petent jury of architects these houses go far toward
FOR APRIL
1935
the Editors
carrying the message of good architecture directly to thousands of people interested in building. Аг- chitects should give serious consideration to the pos- sibilities offered by this type of competition and sub- mit such work as they believe to be of interest.
REDUCE COSTS TO BOOM BUILDING
— a recent meeting of the Harvard Busi- ness School Club, Professor Oliver M. W. Sprague advocated a reduction of 25 per cent in construction costs as essential to the stimulation of building. He indicated that cost reduction of size- able proportions could be affected only by bringing together all interests concerned in construction operations. The need for reduced building costs hes been evident to the building industry for some months. И is a desirable objective that is more easily stated than secured. 11 can be realized only as a result of broadminded and sincere co-operation of labor and producers from a long range point of view; through discoveries by science and engineer- ing of more economical construction methods; and by the highly efficient conduct of building procedure from beginning to end. И 15 a difficult problem. But it is one that, perhaps, must be solved.
AN ORCHID TO THE PUBLISHERS
Млека edited to stimulate the 1ауша:?з appreciation of better houses have done much to impress public taste in this direction. Largely a result of the work of these magazines, architects find an increasingly large clientele willing to accept good design and often presenting good ideas of their own for development. Those magazines read by the lay- man, in some ca have not-confined their efforts solely to pages within the magazine. House Веан- tiful, ior instance, annually sets up а “Bride’s House" in which are shown well designed rooms that reflect trends in interior «decoration, color schemes, furnishings and equipment. The practice has done much to develop the layman's apprecia- tion of good design. This vear the “Bride’s House" which opened April 15 has been set up at 444 Madi- son Ave, New York City. These exhibitions are something which an architect's client can see and feel and imagine himself living in similar sur- roundings. They are an important educational factor. As public taste runs to new levels, the field of the architect increases.
England
onirast to the sandstone
Housing
shire, which ha
radically modern
circular
— Hm
ш ШЕШ ibu и = ТО“
ROBSON & MARSDEN
Trends and Topics о}
° Current activity in the building industry generally is at a three-year high point, according to a recent statement of Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. The statement indicated that the present building situation was the brightest in five years. Residential building is ex- pected to make a particularly strong upswing during 1935; employment in building construction lines already shows considerable improvement over last year, both in the number of buildings occupied and in the amount of pay rolls. The trend of rentals is upward, real estate values are appreciating and vacan- cies are said to be decreasing, thereby creating a scarcity of better-class residences.
The report said,
in part: “With 16,000,000 homes in the United States listed as eligible for repairs, loans, and
5,000,000 new homes required during the next several years to provide for the normal increase in popu- lation, which is estimated at three times larger than present new production, the greatest era in building
54
history lies immediately ahead, and in the majority of cities prospects are considered the best discerned in five years.”
* Tell your clients that they may present applica- tions for insured mortgage loans under FHA terms directly to any of the various insuring offices of the FHA. Administration offices will directly appraise the property, act on the credit responsibility of the borrower, determine eligibility of the mortgage for insurance and, if necessary, assist the borrower to find an approved financial institution willing to make the loan. For this service the usual appraisal fee is charged. This is $3 per $1,000 of the principal amount of the mortgage loan.
® Invisible light may soon become a commonplace in domestic electrical installations. A new house in a western state has been equipped with an infra-red
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
TOPICAL PRESS AGENCY, COPYRIGHT
Above:
FOR
hitect. Walls are
Academy Exhibition of Left: а 24-hour ck
garden dining room
displays from th
ds and white metal
aid to be the
neapolis, Minn
nd fifty feet long, four ide, and weighs sixt is bronze it Brass & Chand reported to L t ntinuou ct
the Times...
burglar alarm system which, breaking a telephone circuit, sounds an alarm at a central station. An other circuit, when closed, call the policeman on the beat. The system is hooked up with a trickle- charged battery in case electric service is interrupted.
* Lightweight concrete, said to have only two-thirds the weight, twice the elasticity and three times the insulating value of ordinary concrete, is being used to save 20,000 tons of dead weight in the upper deck of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Obviously there will be a substantial saving in the cost of construction as the weight removed is the equivalent of 500 to 600 gondolas fully loaded. The concrete aggregate is manufactured from a mixture of hard shale and soft clay burned at high tempera- ture, producing an enduring material of light weight, rounded contours and graded sizes. It is being pro- duced at Port Richmond, Cal., and called Gravelite (Continued on page 104)
APRIL 1935
Appraisal and Mortgage Service
... а field of business for architects
which can help stabilize their practice
BY WILLIAM J. PROVOOST,
ACK of stabilization of architectural practice due to the vagaries of general building is one of the most difficult problems faced by every aver- age architect. It was in an attempt to solve this
problem in my own practice that I developed what I term an Appraisal and Mortgage service. Fundamentally, it is not a new idea. A few archi- tects in various parts of the country do render some form of service to financial agencies which lend money on real estate as collateral. ever, that is susceptible to a more general use of archi- tects’ services.
It is a field, how-
And one in which the architect too often has not been a more important factor prob- ably because of his failure to understand the cor- rect approach to the problem.
The term Appraisal and Mortgage Service is es- sentially self-explanatory. It consists of rendering to banks and other financial agencies preliminary and continuing reports on improved real estate upon which loans are advanced. These cover not only the value of the properties at the time loans are made, but also continue to provide the banker with the changing values and conditions of properties from year to year, thus providing for his files a complete and reliable record of the status of his mortgage holdings.
In rendering such a service experience has shown the desirability of printed forms covering the various portions of the service. These include an analysis for an existing building ; contemplated building; an- nual mortgage condition inspection report; building loan subdivision of the contract; and three mortgage
loan construction inspection reports. Each report
56
А.|.А.
lists the items essential to the presentation of а сот- prehensive picture and the essential data on each property surveyed. With these reports before him the banker has a true picture of the property and its physical condition. These reports can be used as a reliable basis of judgment as to the margin of safety afforded the investment by the tangible elements. Thus, their value should be obvious.
In practice it has been found convenient to bind these reports іп a manuscript cover for the banker's file. In addition to filling out the printed forms which comprise the report there should be included a photo- graph of the existing building or new building after completion; a plot plan; floor plans and elevations. The drawings should be photostated to a size that will fit the report cover.
O carry out the service an architect needs little Те his usual technical knowledge of good construction and planning. Such knowledge of ap- praisal methods as may be required can be obtained through the reading of any good book on this sub- ject. This knowledge is helpful but not as essential as his specialized technical ability in building con- struction. Advice on an approach to the establish- ing of the service is without doubt the thing most needed.
Personal acquaintance with bank officials offers the entering wedge. Before approaching them it is advisable to be well prepared, if possible, with the essential appraisal forms and with sound basic argu- ments of why this service is better than that com- monly employed by the average banking institution.
AMERICAN AR
CHITECT
Experience has shown the advantage of ass ming a listening attitude and encouraging the banker to first explain his own appraisal system. One's tactful approach will of necessity be contingent upon what the banker estimates as the good or weak features of his A proper approach will often t in a banker's enthusiasm for the completeness le service the architect can render.
own system. resu
of t
IE chief argument for the architect's method [ipee on the completeness of his report, his sys- tematic continuing service, and his fitness for ren- dering the service better than anyone else.
The most serious handicap in developing a clien- tele is the belief on the part of bankers that they already have an adequate appraisal system. If t hey do not have a sound method this fact must be tact- fully made They to view the problem from a broad point of view and acknowl- edge the value of unbiased advisor. essential point out the advantage of giving each mortgage co-operative in maintenance problems and at the same time provide the bank with a complete record of the status of every mortgage holding.
Whether not an architect should render the appraisal and mortgage service to more than one institution will depend upon local conditions. Fa- miliarity with these conditions should enable him to determine the preferred bank or It is
clear. must be made
an It is a
assistance
or
banks pos-
sible that one institution has a volume of investments afford advisable
will give.
that to
all the the other
require time
On
that he hand, it
can
may be
APRIL
ANALYSIS FOR EXISTING BUILDING
APPRAISAL AND CONSTRUCTION
IMPROVEMENTS
APPRAISAL SUMMARY
for him to render the service to several institutions. It is inadvisable to endeavor to build up a larger clientele in the appraisal and mortgage service field than an architect can handle in normal times in con- nection with his usual practice. In gauging this, it may be estimated that one can personally handle from 500 to 1000 inspections a year. The local bank- ing situation may indicate the advisability of offer ing the largest institution an exclusive service. Reports on new buildings can usu: Шу be covered in three inspections. Existing buildings should be inspected ever) ear or at not more than two year intervals. In general the inspection of a house rare- ly requires more than one hour in t possible five or six inspections per tion to this some time
ле field; making
day. In addi- required in the office to fill out and complete the reports.
Remuneration for the service may vary within reasonable limits depending upon local conditions. It has been found reasonable to expect a fee of at
least $40 for making an appraisal analysis of an existing building up feet in size, and $30 for a similar ana ysis of the plans of a comparable contemplated building. Inspection fees for small buildings should not be less than $8 when made annually or $10 if made every two years. Supervision reports of buildings under construction
and construction to 50,000 cubic
should be not less than $10 for each visit: three visits usually being sufficient. The fee basis is be- lieved to be the best method of charging for this
service, and will result in the architect ret: aining his professional standing with his client. Throughout the United States there has grown
tial to any lending insti TRUE VALUE OF вос + TOTAL TRE VALUE OF OTHER sss ox rior VANS VAL Sms tuti mpiled by ar TOTAL APPRAISED VALUATION $ TE дни иные Tass ed Assets Срна و ärch an be trust-
worthy and very valuable
Form $4
BUILDINO LOAN
Form Mt Aeciant No.
MORTGAGE LOAN
) SUBDIVISION OF THE CONTRACT ° CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION REPORT For OWNER CONTRACTOR LOCATION OF BUILDING STREET AND NO, LOCATION OF BUILDING OWNER STREET AND NO. SUBURB STREET AND NO. STREET AND NO. SUBURB SUBURB SUBURR TOWN ов сү TOTAL CONTRACT PRICE $ TOWN ов CITY TOWN OR CITY DATE CONTRACT SIGNED LANS AND SPECIFICATION: SUBDIVISION OF THE CONTRACT CONTRACT PRICE FOLLOWED EXCAVATION з | CARRIED FORWARD BUILDER our CERTE remene нтЕст Foun АА Account Ме. о Amount of Месна $ ANNUAL MORTGAGE CONDITION INSPECTION REPORT FIRST INSPECTION REPORT For Fora СЕ Account No. Mortenee $ nae көй Ga eae, APPRAISAL AND CONSTRUCTION © ANALYSIS FOR CONTEMPLATED BUILDING STREET AND NO. ASSESSED VALUE CF Oy T SUBURB ASSESSED YALUE OF TOWN on CITY ASSESSORS BLOCK На ipod. Em A TYPE OF BUILDING — ASSESSED VALUE OF PLOT $ sas _ = — ASSESSED VALUE OF BLDG. $ x PLOT ‘TOWN OR сту — = SIZE OF PLOT - = [ә x DRIVES ZONE — — — COMPLIANCE — _ ASSESSORS BLOCK NO. = FENCES E BUILDING INFORMATION
GENERAL APPEARANCE
BUILDER
LAWN
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS FOUNDATION AND BASEMENT
BASEMENT FLOOR cenne FOUNDATION WALLS WALL FINISH WATERPROOFING WINDOWS MISCELLANEOUS
EXTERIOR CONSTRUCTION AND FINISH BLINDS AND SHUTTERS
CORNICES
сот on CAST
COPINGS
заед
ир а big business in building investments. It is upon the acceptance of improved real estate as safe collateral The anticipates the repaying of the loan through
for investment purposes. borrower some form of amortization or his ability to recover his loan if necessary through the sale of the property To do this means that there must be a margin of the actual value of the
integrity and responsibility of
safety between the loan anc security. While the the borrower are factors to be considered, the ul-
timate consideration must always lie in the value of the security itself.
Ваай depreciate and е of buildings like other commodities change with the fluctuation of the dollar and general business condi- To safeguard financial investment in buildings, therefore, means that the various factors
есоте obsolete
tions any
affecting the value of the security must be watched.
The problem presents two aspects—the value of
TYPE OF BLDG ARCHITECT
DESIGN OF BLDG. - CLASS ОР CONST, SPECD
wans —.
WEaTERESTRIPS оо оо WINDOW FRAMES =
MISCELLANEOUS Em
INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION AND FINISH
CORNICES š ыз
CLOTHES CHUTE . — 2 CABINETS BUILT IN ....- Е = COLUMNS. BOOKCASES
information to finan-
and Mortgage Service
the security when erected and its continuing value. The first has two considerations—the apparent value as indicated by the plans and specifications for the buile with these documents during construction.
Both aspects of building investment are of para mount importance to financial agents. Lacking in- knowledge of planning, construction and values, these agents must depend upon the those who have this knowledge.
ing, and actual value resulting from compliance
timate building advice of Through the financia ıitects can develop a service which will take ack of dull periods. It is not a major activity г one which the average office will find profitable by itself. It is a diversification of practice which follows the old advice of not putting all the eggs in one basket. As such it can serve to fill in the ruts and make the practice of architecture a somewhat
phase of building construc
tion arc up th
smoother road to travel.
AMERICAN АКС
HiTECT
REINHARD & HOFMEISTER, CORBETT, HARRISON & MAC MURRAY, HOOD & FOUILHOUX, ARCHITECTS
ROCKEFELLER CENTER BARBER SHOP, NEW YORK
graphs by Samuel H. Gotscho
FOR APRIL 193
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60 AMERICAN ARCHITECT
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ARCHITECT
Тре Legal Side of Architecture
BY CLINTON H. BLAKE
Blake and Voorhees, Counsellors-at-Law
Architect's Contract Should Cover the Possibility of Abandoning Project
НАТ is the architect's position and what
are his rights upon abandonment of a
project by the client? These are questions
which continually arise and to which many different answers are given, depending on the facts and circumstances in each case. The determina- tion of the court in a case of this kind will depend almost entirely, ordinarily, on the provisions of the contract or understanding between the architect and client.
THE DOCTRINE OF "REASONABLE TIME"
N a recent decision in New York (Dedona Con-
tracting Corporation у. One Eleven West End Corporation and others, 238 М. У. App. Div. 708) a contractor instituted action to foreclose a me- chanic’s lien against property held under lease by the defendant and upon which it had agreed to con- struct a warehouse. The architect (a corporation) employed by the lessee to prepare the plans for the warehouse, also filed a lien against the property for its fees and was therefore brought in as a party to the suit.
The contract was somewhat unusual. The de- fendant lessee made an agreement with the archi- tect to prepare the plans and specifications for the building. This agreement provided, in substance, that the architect should be paid the sum of $7,000 for services. Payment of $1,400 of this amount was to be made upon completion of the working draw- ings and all specifications ; $2,800 when the building was inclosed; and $1,400 upon completion of the building issuance of certificates of occupancy. The final balance of $1,400 should be paid sixty days thereafter. The contract further provided that if, for any reason, after the completion of the plans and specifications, the client should abandon the
РОВ APRIL 1935
project, the architect should be paid the full $7,000.
After construction had started, work on the build- ing was stopped by the client. Its president, at the trial, testified that the sole reason that the architect had not been paid was because the building had not been completed. In his testimony he gave no fixed time when the work would be resumed or any facts from which such time could be determined. On the contrary, his testimony indicated that the dates when the work might be recommenced or the build- ing completed were entirely conjectural. By the time the case came up for trial, more than a year and ten months had elapsed since the work had stopped.
It was conceded that the architect had prepared the plans and specifications and that they had been approved. It was also conceded that he had per- formed extra work at an agreed price of $200. He had been paid the sum of $4,650 and there was, therefore, concededly remaining a balance on his fee and extra compensation of $2,550. 'The defendant claimed that it was not under any obligation to pay this until the completion of the building, whenever that might be. The architect claimed that it had fully performed all of its services with the excep- tion of supervision and certain explanations and in- structions with respect to the plans and specifications and that these services were not performed because the defendant had made it impossible to perform them by failing to proceed with the erection of the building. The contract set forth no definite time within which the building should be erected. The architect claimed that a reasonable time would be implied; that the delay which had taken place was more than a reasonable time; and that he should therefore be entitled to recover the full balance of $2,550.
The court in its decision said: “The owner agreed that if for any reason after the plans and specifica- tions were fully completed it should abandon the project, it would pay the architect the full amount of $7,000; that if the project be abandoned by the owner while the plans were in progress, the archi- tect would be entitled to a fee commensurate with the amount of work actually performed. There is no complaint made by respondent as to the skill or quality of the services rendered by the architect. or
63
that и failed or omitted to properly perform the various kinds of services required under the agree- ment, except to attend the building site during con- struction, which was made impossible by the re- spondent's admitted failure to proceed with the work.
"More than a reasonable time has elapsed for the respondent to proceed with the construction of this building, and under the authority of Weisberg v. Art Work Shop (supra), the appellant is entitled to judgment for the full amount due on the con- tract.”
The case of Weisberg v. Art Work Shop, referred to by the court in its decision, was another New York case in which the plaintiffs, who were en- gineers, sued to recover a balance claimed to be due
them under a contract to furnish plans and specifica- tions and perform other services in connection with the erection and equipment of a plant.
In that case the defendant, after the equipment and materials had been ordered and delivered, post- poned the installation of the equipment, refused to set any date when the work would be proceeded with and claimed that it was a question of fact (determinable by a jury) rather than a question of law (to be determined by the court and not the jury) whether a reasonable time had elapsed.
The court in its decision in that case said: “Here these engineers did all their preliminary work and placed the contracts which they were called upon to place for the defendant. They were prevented from going ahead with their work by the arbitrary refusal of the defendant to proceed with the erection of the plant. The defendant's position was that it would not proceed until it got ready to do so and it would give the plaintiffs no information as to when that would be. This, coupled with the long delay, constituted, as a matter of law, unreasonable failure to proceed."
TYPE OF AGREEMENT IS CONTROLLING FACTOR
HE agreement in the Dedona case was unusual, not only with respect to the amount of and the time for making the installment payments, but espe- cially with respect to the provision and if, after completion of the plans and specifications, the proj-
The Béguinage, Bruges, Belgium
64
archi- paid the full compensation agreec This apparently was the determining factor in the decision in the case. The parties, having def- initely agreed that the whole amount should be pay- able if the project were abandoned, the finding of the court that the architect was entitled to be рак the balance of the full amount upon the abandon- ment of the project necessarily followed. If a shorter time had elapsed, or if the defendant hac set some definite date within reason when the proj- ect would be proceeded with, there would doubtedly been a different result.
The provision as to abandonment in this contract is in sharp contrast to the provision in the standar« А. 1. А. contract with respect to the postponement or abandonment of the work. Under the А. I. А. form of contract the rule of “reasonable time” would still be applied in determining whether the project has been abandoned. Assuming that it has been abandoned, the architect’s rights under the A. I. A. contract are quite different from the rights of the architect in the Dedona case. In a case based on the A. I, A. contract, the courts would follow its pro- visions and would merely grant the architect a re- covery of that portion of his fee earned up to the time of the abandonment. In other words, in the Dedona case the contract contemplates that the archi- tect shall be paid a full fee if the work is abandoned, whereas in the A. I. A. contract the right of the owner to abandon the work without the payment of more than a proportionate amount of the fee is clearly recognized. The parties have a right to make such reasonable agreements as they may wish as to their respective rights in case the work is abandoned or postponed. The courts will give effect to these agreements in determining the right of the architect to compensation and the liability of the owner to make payment thereof.
It is essential, therefore, in any agreement
ect should be for any reason abandoned, the tect should be upon.
lave un-
for architectural services that the clause with respect to abandonment of the work be carefully considered and phrased so that it may express, without am- biguity, the intention of the contracting parties. | shall probably have occasion to discuss
some angles
of the A. I. A. form of contract on this point in a later article.
BY HARRY L. TASKEY
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
Waterproofing and Dampproofing
SAFEGUARDS available to architects in this field
WHY guarantees seldom protect owner or architect WATER-TIGHT concrete construction with standard materials MEMBRANE, "hydrolithic" and chemical waterproofing methods HOW to specify weather-tight masonry walls above grade TYPES of mortar for weather-resisting brickwork
FURRING versus bituminous dampproofing
AMERICAN ARCHITECT FLASHING materials and where to use them
REFERENCE DATA REMEDIAL waterproofing methods for existing substructures NUMBER 17 ® APR 1935 CORRECTING wet walls and leakage above grade
FOR APRIL 1935 65
Waterproofing апа Dampproofing
AMERICAN ARCHITECT REFERENCE DATA No. 17 April, 1935
By TYLER STEWART ROGERS, Technical Editor*
HE truth about practical waterproofing and dampproofing methods and materials is of utmost impor- tance to every practicing architect. An unnecessarily large number of buildings now standing, ranging from small dwellings to great skyscrapers, leak badly. Are these leaks to be blamed upon the archi- tect or builder; upon design or execution; upon material or workmanship? Are the hundreds of patented panaceas mostly worthless, as some authorities claim, or positive cures, as their producers assert?
The truth is difficult to discover. Many trained investigators have studied one aspect or another of the subject; few or попе have had the opportunity to work so broadly as to embrace all factors. There is no unanimity of opinion among authorities on some important questions, though recently there has been a general agreement as to causes. Commercial interests and jealousies have added to the confusion.
Any architect seeking facts in this field must exercise judgment in reconciling the differences of opinion that exist among research authorities. Не must weigh the value and significance of reports by investigators whose findings are not in agreement because their work approached the problem from different angles. Не must evaluate the worth of laboratory tests in terms of their relation to actual field conditions.
This article presents an unbiased analysis of present-day knowledge, gives facts upon which authorities are in agreement and reports the recommendations of two or more different schools of thought where accepted authorities differ. Where the findings of research men are negative or indecisive, or are contrary to field experience, the facts are reported and no discussion is attempted. By this process of selection and elimination the subject can be simplified and much of the data given practical value.
THESE FACTS can be stated unequivocally: that well established principles of design and construction and standard materials obtainable without paying any pramium can be made to produce water-tight masonry below grade and dampproof construction above grade in the great majority of projects. That in spite of all known precautions some leaky conditions may develop after the building is completed; the subject is not a precise science and some contributing factors apparently have not yet been identified. That supplementary waterproofing and dampproofing materials and methods offer valuable means of in- suring satisfactory results in new buildings and of remedying failures. That when completed buildings de- velop wet walls the most practicable methods of dampproofing involve (at least, in part) repeating work at high expense that should have been done correctly during construction at normal cost. That most failures today can be attributed to lack of knowledge of the importance of simple steps in stand- ard building procedures or to lack of adherence to good practice in an effort to cheapen or speed up construction.
SAFEGUARDS AND GUARANTEES security. When he enters the field of proprietary compounds he must discriminate shrewdly. Many of these have become “standard practice” through long and successful use; but when any of them are pro- moted as panaceas and “cure-alls” caution is required.
O long as the architect adheres to standard materials, well recognized construction practices, good design and good workmanship, he is on safe ground and can anticipate satisfactory results in the Unfortunately there is a strong odor of patent medi- majority of his projects. Established waterproofing cine quackery in some divisions of the waterproofing and dampproofing procedures offer him further and dampproofing industry. :
*See sources of data and references at end of this article. Guarantees in this field should be carefully зегин-
66 AMERICAN ARCHITECT
FOR APRIL
nized as they may be offered alike by organizations of the highest integrity or of no integrity what- ever. It is unreasonable to expect the manufacturer of any material to assume responsibility for the use of his product by others over whom he has no con- trol. If, to eliminate this difficulty, the manufac- turer employs field superintendents to supervise the use of his product or contracts for its actual ap- plication, he remains subject to the hazards of im- proper design and other factors beyond the scope of his work. Guarantees are often cleverly worded to break down sales resistance but are unenforceable in practice because they seldom fail to contain clauses that release the contracting party from responsibility beyond supplying specified materials or installing them according to specified practices.
These facts may well be impressed upon clients who seek short cuts and chance economies. The architect is well advised to insist upon the use of
materials
made by reputable manufacturers and in exact accordance with their recommendations, to select contractors for this type of work of wide ex- perience and thorough reliability and to provide expert field supervision of their work.
The subject will be treated in four sections: (1) constructing water-tight masonry below grade or otherwise subject to hydrostatic pressures; (2) con- structing weather-resistant masonry above grade; (3) remedial waterproofing methods; and (4) reme- dial dampproofing methods. The first two parts per- tain to new construction; the second two to cor- recting unsatisfactory conditions in existing build- ings. The term waterproofing is here used to con- note the production or treatment of masonry to make it impermeable to water under pressure. Damp- proofing here connotes the processes which make masonry superstructures resistant to damage by rain and frost.
Waterproofing = New Construction . . .
ATER passes through masonry when
the pressure behind it is great enough
to overcome the frictional resistance of
channels within the material. It follows the path of least resistance. Cracks are the worst offenders as they form continuous channels of little resistance. Hollow spaces within walls, such as stone-pockets formed by the segregation of materials in mass concrete, reduce resistance to water pres- sure at such points and are often troublesome be- cause they may not be visible on either surface. Porosity causes leaks by forming capillary passages through which water may penetrate. Permeability due to this cause is related both to masonry thick- ness and hydrostatic pressure ; that is, under the same pressure a thick wall of given porosity may not leak while a thin wall of identical texture may leak copiously.
These accepted practices are open to selection: One is to make the masonry inherently water-tight in itself, as may be done with mass or reinforced concrete not subject to vibration or cracking. A second is to employ a waterproof membrane sup- ported by masonry against the hydrostatic pressures it must resist. The third is to provide an imper- meable surface capable of withstanding prevailing pressures.
DESIGN
LL substructures, such as foundation walls and floors enclosing basements, are subject to hy- drostatic pressure except where rainfall is slight and where subsoil water is artificially or naturally
1935
drained away faster than it can accumulate. The first essential in design is therefore to eliminate hydrostatic pressure so їаг as site conditions will permit, by proper drainage that will keep the ground water level below the basement level at all times. Where this cannot be done the walls and slabs in contact with earth must be structurally designed to resist whatever pressure may develop regardless of the waterproofing method employed.
The enormous pressures that may be encountered
in deep foundations are indicated in Table 1. The TABLE |—IMPORTANCE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN DESIGN OF WATERTIGHT MASONRY Thickness of Average mass concrete pressure Lifting (without rein- per sq. ft. Hydra: pressure forcement) on Wall static Pressure — persq.ft. to balance Surface Head, Lbs.per under lifting affected, in ft. sq. in; floor forcat in Ibs. 1 0.43 62.5 5” 31.2 2 0.86 125.0 10” 62.5 3 1.30 187.5 15” 93.7 4 1.73 250.0 20" 125.0 5 2.17 312.5 25" 155.2 10 4.34 625.0 4° 2" 312.2 15 651 937.5 & a" 468.7 20 8.68 1250.0 8' 4" 625.0 40 17.36 2500.0 16" 8” 1250.0 80 3472 5000.0 33’ 4" 2500.0 100 43.40 6250.0 41" 8" 3125.0 *Estimated on basis of concrete weighing 150 Ibs. per cu. f.
fourth column translates these pressures in terms of the thickness of unreinforced mass concrete required to balance the lifting force operating against floor slabs. Obvious very heavy reinforcement is re- quired in many instances to reduce thickness and cost within practical bounds.
It is possible to secure water-tight concrete with-
slab
out special waterproofing systems if ideal conditions prevail, as will be noted shortly. Since ideal con- ditions may not be secured in the field practically no building of importance should be designed with- out proper provision for effective waterproofing by one of the methods explained below.
IMPERMEABLE CONCRETE
N Table 2 will be found a condensed summary of
standard procedure for making water-tight mass or reinforced concrete, based on practices recom- mended by the Portland Cement Association. ote the statement that no admixtures are needed if these directions are followed, and that none will prove effective if the directions are not followed.
Certainly "waterproof" cement, or concrete con- taining admixtures, cannot assure water-tightness of the finished masonry if there are cracks, pockets, porous areas or poor junctures of hardened work with the next day's pouring. To the extent that these admixtures or integral waterproofings lead one to believe impermeable construction will automatically £ollow their use, they are harmful. То the extent that they improve workability or density of poorly designed, unbalanced and harsh mixtures and perhaps offset slight carelessness of workman- ship, some types have proved to be helpful. But they are not substitutes for good workmanship, they do not diminish the need for careful supervision, they do not simplify procedure or reduce cost.
Since these recommended practices ( Table 2) are normal and require nothing more than skill and care, architects may best protect themselves and their clients by selecting contractors of known reliability and experience and by expert supervision
stone
SPECIAL CEMENTS AND ADMIXTURES N EVERTHELESS, certain materials have come
into use in the production of water-tight con- crete. Field experience and the exigencies of mod- ern construction, more than laboratory tests and theories, seem to be responsible for the growing use of admixtures. High-early strength cements are gaining popularity in the production of impermeable concrete for practical reasons. The subject is con- troversial: the following data therefore report vari- ous schools of thought.
*Numbers refer to sources listed at end of article. Only one source is referred to on each major point, but usually there are sev- eral authorities for each statement. The source chosen is the one clear on the point in question.
f
-Moist Cured af АЕ
š
Jb. per sq.in 8
1
Compressive Strength-
5 3 1 Water-Cement Ratio -Us. Sal per sack Standard Portland High Early Strength
Cement Cement Figure |... High-early strength cements acquire strength more rapidly than standard portland cements and thus y reduce curing time, Ultimate strengths are the same.
High-early strength cements are ground much finer than the normal commercial portland cements. They acquire in one to three days approximately the same compressive strength as ordinary concrete in 7 days, and in 7 days they have the strength usually de- veloped by normal concrete in 28 days. At the end of a year the strengths are approximately the same. See Figure 1. The higher percentage of fine material also increases the plasticity of high-early strength cements and may permit the use of slightly more aggregate than ordinary cement with the same water- cement ratio. It should be borne in mind that “less water makes better concrete.” Most of the por formed in concrete are voids left by the evaporation of excess water. Only a small part of the water re- quired for plasticity is needed by the cement itself. curing time is required with high-early strength cements than with standard cements, (48 hours is considered sufficient by some producers) but wherever possible advantage should be taken
5
Less
of the greater strength and density resulting from protracted curing. No other departure from prac-
tices recommended їп Table 2 should be permitted.
Integral waterproofers of chemical type are available in a wide range of compositions. According to lab- oratory tests proprietary compounds and chemical admixtures show a very wide variation in perform- ance, even among products of substantially similar nature.* Trade names are not revealed in these tests, and frequently manufacturers conceal the chemical nature of their products; the architect is thus dependent to a considerable extent upon the in- tegrity and reliability of the manufacturer in his choice of brands.
Metallic soaps or stearates, notably calcium stearate and ammonium stearate, are available either as ad-
AMERICAN AR
CHITECT
TABLE 2—HOW TO SECURE WATER-TIGHT CONCRETE
"Water-tight concrete can be made with portland cement without special materials Furthermore, water-tight concrete cannot be made
given here. specia! materials tion. The following data
may be used." are based directly upon the
DESIGN: Wall or slab thickness and reinforcement must be adequate to resist all loads, including hydrostatic pressures, and any potential vibration, unequal settlement and temperature or shrinkage stresses. Concrete that cracks cannot be water-tight! И there is likelihood of future cracking, provide a flexible waterproof membrane.
AGGREGATES: Shall be clean, sound and of low porosity. The grading of aggregates should be such as to produce а workable, plastic mix when used with the specified water-cement paste in approximately the proportions hereinafter indicated.
WATER: Shall be suitable for drinking.
CEMENT: Shall conform to the Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement (Serial Designation: C9-30) of the American Society for Testing Materials. (For high-early strength cements see "Tentative Speci- fication for High-Early Strength Portland Cement,” C74-30T, A.S.T.M.)
WATER-CEMENT RATIO: Shall not exceed 6 gallons per sack of cement for thin and average sections, nor gallons for large masses of concrete, as indicated below. Tn all cases the water or free moisture in the aggregate is a part of the total water permissible.
WATER CEMENT RATIO: U. $. GALLONS PER SACK CEMENT
Water-tight Water-tight
DOES Сойгон elatively leavy EXPOSURE Thin Sections Sections
Extreme: Northern U. S.; al- ternate freezing and thaw- ing in contact with water. 5% 6 Also any exposure to sea and strong sulphate waters
Severe: Northern U. S.; alter- nate freezing and thawing not in continuous contact with water. Moderate South- ern climates, exposure to al- ternate wetting and drying
Moderate: Southern U. S.: ex- posure to ordinary weather but not continuously in con- 6 tact with water. Also con- crete completely submerged but protected from freezing
6 634
7 to 78
Protected: Ordinary inclosed structural members; соп- crete below ground and not subject to corrosive ground waters or freezing and CHEWING os ers shyy ае
6 7 to84*
*A ratio greater than 7 gals. per sack of cement is not advisable except for very thick sections such as mass concrete dams,
by following the simple directions if these directions are not followed, regardless of what
Excerpt from "Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures," Portland Cement Associa- instructions
referred to in this excerpt, with some additions.
PROPORTIONS OF MIX: Shall be such (by the addition of coarse and fine aggregates to the paste mixed with the water-cement ratio above given) as to produce a plastic, workable mix that can be thoroughly compacted to fill the forms without separation of materials. Usually the fine should be not less than one-third nor more than one-half the total amount of aggregate. Specifications should not seek to define the exact amounts of aggregates used,
TIME OF MIXING: Shall be two minutes or more in standard batch mixers, and in any event long enough to assure uniform coverage of all particles of aggregates with cement paste. Thorough 1 ng increases uni- formity and plasticity and thus facilitates placing,
PLACING OF CONCRETE: Concrete shall be transported and placed without segregation of the materials. Every precaution should be taken to avoid segregation. The concrete should be placed in horizontal layers, spading each layer to get complete compaction and filling of the forms. Work should be closely supervised. This, and the prevention of laitance are vital to water-tightness. Placing should be continuous whenever possible. Use of high frequency vibrators for placing is advantageous as а stiffer mix with a lower water content can be used.
PREVENTION OF LAITANCE: Laitance (appearing as scum) can only form from the presence of excess water, and its presence results in porosity in the same manner as an increase in the water-cement ratio. If laitance appears it must be removed and a dryer batch used in the next layer and consolidated with the wet concrete to absorb the accumulation of water.
BONDING OF INTERRUPTED WORK: Where placing can- not be continuous and the concrete already placed has taken its initial set, the hardened surface shall be chipped to remove all laitance and to expose the aggre- gate. The surface of the poured concrete may be wire brushed just after it has taken its initial set to remove laitance and expose some of the coarse aggregate as a means of reducing the amount of cleaning and chipping required later. Before starting to pour the new lift or layer wet the hardened concrete for one hour, letting the surface water thus added be absorbed just before starting the next step. A mortar of one part cement and two sand shall then be applied 1 inch thick ‘over the exposed surface and immediately covered with a mod- erately dry batch of concrete, well spaded into place.
CURING: Shall be continuous for not less than two weeks and for longer periods whenever possible. Exposed surfaces, floors, etc. should be covered as soon as possible after placing the concrete. Thorough curing is one of the most important elements in the production of water-tight concrete. Curing time should be measured at normal temperatures (about 72F) and considerably extended during cold weather in addition to protection of the concrete from freezine at апу time. Tanks and reservoirs should not be filled until after the curing period.
FOR APRIL
1935
69
mixtures introduced with the gauging water of the concrete mix or as an element in “waterproof” cement. In the latter case calcium stearates are fine- ly ground into the cement itself during manufacture. These materials, plus some other stearates and oleates, are water-repellents. They cause the minute pores in concrete to lose their capillarity or to de- velop "negative" capillarity. According to some au- thorities this negative capillarity condition in well made concrete is sufficient to withstand severe hydro- static pressures encountered in building work.
Calcium chloride, frequently classed as a waterproof- ing admixture, is primarily an accelerator, hastening the setting of concrete, and an anti-freeze compound and plastic. Insofar as it may help make a more workable mix and a denser concrete it functions as a waterproofing aid, but it is not a water-repellent. The same holds true for other anti-freeze com- pounds and accelerators, such as aluminum chloride and sodium silicate.
Inert fillers are finely ground materials sometimes used on the theory that they will fill the pores and thus densify concrete, If the pores are formed by the loss of water, as seems to be the case, it is improb- able that they function in this way. They may, however, supply a deficiency of extremely fine material, especially with mixtures deficient in cement, but if they take the place of cement paste which normally would fill the interstices they become an undesirable adulterant. Among the products of this
Figure 2... Membrane water- proofing consisting of plies of fab-
rics or felts embedded in hot
moppings of pitch or asphalt are used wherever vibration, settlement
or etacking of masonry may occur
70
kind are diatomaceous earth, powdered talc, certain gelatinous clays and some proprietary materials of unidentified composition.
Other compounds in wide variety are available, but there is too little agreement among independent authorities regarding their value under field con- ditions to warrant discussion here.
MEMBRANE METHOD
sists of enclosing the entire sub-
HIS method con k in a bituminous water-tight envelope usually composed of alternate layers of hot applied bituminous mop coatings and reinforcing layers or plies of impregnated felt or fabric. The membrane is applied to the water side of the structural masonry.
Materials of various types are used. The bituminous mop coatings may be of asphaltic or coal-tar pitch nature. Authorities do not agree as to the relative merits of these two materials. both should be applied hot. Cut back and emulsified bitumens, usually made for cold application in other types of work are unsuited to membrane work as they may deteriorate on continued exposure to water. This has been observed in swimming pools where the lining has blackened or the water discolored by the gradual break-down of an emuls
30th are used and
iable bitumen. The
important thing is to select a bitumen of the grade or type suited to this service. Both felts and woven fabrics are employed to
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
Provide damp course, flashing unless membrane comes
above grade. PS ; Structural Masonry oe
Membrane Membrane Structural
Masonry Protective Masonry
Protective Masonry
Floor slab weight Bituminous must offset upward Floor slab reinforced Protective Masonry expansion joint thrust of hydro- fo resist upward thrust
static pressure of hydrostatic pressure Protective surface if jointed at wall laid over floor Өй šhawñ Hollow tile or fill membrane ranolithic finish before pouring reinforced slab ‘Concrete bed to
receive membrane
Floor slab (no joint iat wall if reinforced)
Cement bed SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS и SIDEWALK VAULT
Relatively Slight Hydrostatic Pressure membrane
DEEP FOUNDATIONS All “Structural” Masonry must Бе
Hydrostatic Pressure Requiring Reinforced Floor Slab designed to resist any hydro- static pressure that may develop
Stone work (optional)
Cement fill
Use of Structural Members membrane on sides 4 receive membrane Open sump Membrane (may follow bottom may be used steps if structural work depends on Protective course with drain or is so formed) conditions automatic pumps Concrete bed fdr membrane
SUMP DETAILS OUTSIDE STAIR - STADIUM DETAIL
Membrane
Brick wall to receive membrane Structurol Masonry or protective masonry (varies Protective course according to excavation conditions)
Wherever pipes pass Structural Masonry through any membrane
а watertight flange or Protective Masonry Membrane other joint must be (usually tile set in
installed Pipes mortar)
carrying steam or hot
Concrete bed fo water must be insulated Concrete or other bed receive membrane from membrane to receive membran:
PIPE OR SERVICE TUNNEL SWIMMING POOL
Figure 3... Common applications of membrane waterproofing showing normal position with respect to water pressure and use of
protective course of masonry to prevent injury to envelope during construction, Installation details are omitted in this diagram
FOR APRIL 1935 71
build up a satisfactory thickness of membrane to give the membrane sufficient toughness to withstand minor cracking and vibration. Usually two layers of woven fabric are considered the equivalent in toughness of four or five layers of felt. Membrane materials should meet the requirements of the Amer- ican Society for Testing Materials.
The number of plies which should be used is governed by the hydrostatic pressure to be resisted, and by working conditions. In trenches, footings, pits and where working conditions are difficult, extra plies are frequently used. Additional plies beyond the two to five needed for strength do not make the membrane itself more waterproof, but they do in- crease the certainty of perfect workmanship.
Sheet copper membrane materials have been in- troduced recently for use in place of felt or fabric, or in combination with them, These copper sheet- ings range in weight from one ounce per square foot to one half pound. Some are copper only; others are copper bonded to felts or prepared building papers. The only known laboratory study of metallic mem- branes is an investigation by the British Building Research Station which is seeking to determine the action of normal and corrosive ground waters on metallic membranes, No conclusions have as yet been reported.
Procedures vary according to job conditions. The ap- plication of membrane waterproofings is a highly specialized trade and should always be entrusted to experienced contractors.
In general, the membrane is first laid over the footings with additional lengths left for subsequent bonding with wall and floor membrane. The vertical membranes are sometimes built against а self-sup- porting brick wall which subsequently acts as ex- terior protection to the membrane. The concrete wall is cast against this membrane after it has been protected on its inner face with a 1 inch protective coating of cement plaster. Otherwise the wall is cast over the footings and footing membranes turned up and bonded with the exterior membrane after the forms are removed and the concrete properly cured. Floors subject to hydrostatic pressure are always poured last and, of course, the entire ex- cavation must be kept free of water to below the floor grade. A subfloor must be laid to receive the waterproofing. As soon as the membrane has been laid it must be protected by a screed coat to avoid puncturing during the placement of the structural floor slab. Pumping must continue until the floor slab has cured sufficiently to withstand hydrostatic pressure. See Figure 3.
Precautions should be taken to avoid any punctures during installation or after application of the pro- tective coating. This includes precautions to avoid subsequent drilling of the membrane for pipes, lag bolts or any other supplementary work. Avoid turn- ing membrane into sharp angles and provide special
details at all expansion joints or where cracking of concrete may shear the membrane. Adequate super- vision is necessary to proper lapping of courses and thorough embedment of fabric or felt in the layers of hot bitumen.
assure
Conditions under which the membrane method should be employed include: All sidewalks and exposed decks should be membrane waterproofed due to the probability of cracking as the result of vibration and thermal expansion. The membrane system should be employed wherever vibration, shrinkage or other factors may cause cracking and where the develop- ment of sudden leaks due to such cracking will cause serious damage before repairs can be made in mono- lithic or reinforced construction.
BELOW-GRADE "DAMPPROOFING"
HOUGH not strictly a waterproofing procedure үр the definitions here used, sub-surface masonry which is not subject to hydrostatic pres sure may be “dampproofed” with bituminous paints or hot pitch without any membrane. The function of these treatments is to offset porosity and capillary movement of water from damp earth. The paint method uses two to six coats of cut-back bitumens applied cold. The hot application method uses a brush or spray coating of a primer followed by hot moppings of suitable coal tar pitch or asphalt. These procedures make the wall termite-proof and resistant to deterioration by ground water action, but should not be relied upon to resist hydrostatic pressure.
CEMENT PLASTER COAT METHOD
HE hydrolithic method of waterproofing consists
essentially of applying to the inside surface of walls and floor slabs below grade а continuous cement plaster coat, usually 34 inch to 1 inch in thickness. The mixture is usually one part cement to two parts sand, and is generally integrally water- proofed. The structural masonry surface must be thoroughly cleaned and roughened, and the concrete should be saturated and allowed to surface dry just before proceeding with the work. A cement paste of the consistency of heavy cream, mixed within thirty minutes of use, is applied over a small area and imme- diately plastered with a 3⁄4 inch scratch coat of 1:2 mix. As soon as this coat has hardened slightly, it is scratched and finished with a second 34-inch coat of similar mortar. This cement plaster coat must be thoroughly cured and during the entire process hydro- static pressure must be relieved by pumping or other means. Because proper curing conditions are some- times difficult to obtain in this work, some experi- enced contractors use high-early strength cements.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
ОК
This method has been successfully used on very important work and under extremely severe pressure conditions. Its success depends so largely upon highly skilled workmanship and experienced super- vision that this method should be entrusted only to specialists or qualified contractors.
IRON METHOD
NOTHER method of forming an impermeable
surface on mass or reinforced concrete employs finely subdivided iron which is carried into the sur- face pores of the concrete with a chemical which, in the presence of water, completely oxidizes the metal. The iron, upon oxidization in the surface pores, expands, sealing the apertures. Like the cement plaster coat method it has a successful record
of experience when properly used and can resist hydrostatic pressures encountered in buildings.
While manufacturers’ instructions should be ex- plicitly followed, the usual procedure is to mix the material with water and brush it as a paste into the cleaned and wire-brushed surface. A second coat is then applied, adding portland cement to the iron compound and water. Several coats may be applied in this fashion, using less iron and more cement in each succeeding coat. The final coat often is a neat cement wash to conceal any rusty coloration. When used on floors, this treatment requires a cement wearing course since the iron coatings cannot withstand traffic. Federal specifica- tions require а 34" cement finish on walls, and a 1" granolithic surface on floors.
Constructing Weather-Resisting Masonry Walls ...
RACTICALLY all authorities agree that wet
masonry walls above grade and leakage
through such walls to the interior are due to
the movement of water through microscopic or visible cracks between mortar and brick or stone, and through hollow places formed by the failure to fill the joints solidly with mortar. One of the lead- ing waterproofing contractors of the country has studied over five million square feet of walls re- quiring correction and has found every conceivable type of brick, stone and masonry mortar used in these walls. The blame apparently does not attach to the brick, whether it be porous, dense or prac- tically impervious (as in the case of enameled brick ). It does not attach to the mortar joint itself, whether it be lime, portland cement, masonry cement or any combination of these materials. The chief cause of trouble is an improper relationship between the mor- tar and the masonry it bonds. Elimination of wet walls and wall leakage, however, is not solely de- pendent upon this relationship of mortar and masonry, but also depends upon design of the ma- sonry work, formation and thickness of the mortar joint, and correct use of flashings.
Damage resulting from wet walls and leakage takes several forms. Frost action on wet walls frequently causes spalling or even serious structural cracking. Dampness in reinforced concrete walls may cause spalling due either to ice formation or to rusting of the steel reinforcement. Dampness in any masonry may cause efflorescence by dissolv- ing soluble salts in the brick, stone or mortar. These solutions, working toward the surface as the wall dries out, crystallize and not only impair the appear- ance of the surface but the crystal formation may
APRIL 1935
in itself cause spalling or deterioration of the ma- sonry surface. Where leakage occurs on the inside of the building the extent of the harm may be multiplied by dissatisfied tenants, ruined decorations and unlivable conditions.
It is inevitable that a certain amount of water will enter any masonry wall. Damage results if it stays there long enough to freeze or if it accumulates in volume great enough to penetrate the interior or to bring about excessive and continuous efflores- cence. Some authorities feel that porous brick, while admitting relatively large quantities of water through capillary action, will let that water dry out rapidly. А non-absorptive brick will accumulate much less water but that water will dry out less rapidly. This theory is supported by difficulties sometimes encountered with a brick having an imper- vious enameled face and sides that are somewhat absorptive. Water entering through the mortar joints is taken up by a large part of the brick but can only dry out through the joints; it is retained for long periods, freezes and spalls off the impervious enameling.
BRICK
HE most important quality of brick in relation
to weather-tight wall construction is the degree of firing or burning. It is not porosity or hardness as such.” А well-burned brick, whether porous or dense is superior to a poorly burned brick. An under-burned brick from one district may actually be less porous (and less able to withstand frost action) than a well-burned brick from а district where the clays normally produce high porosity
73
though often great durability. For bricks of identical composition, porosity or absorption is a fairly reli- able indication of the degree of burning, but bricks from different districts cannot thus be compared. Absorption tests, once used as a basis for accepting or rejecting brick, should no longer be a limiting factor in the specification, but may be used to estab- lish the mortar requirements for any selected brick or to compare the quality of burning among different samples of the same brick.
MORTAR FOR UNIT MASONRY
T is generally agreed that masonry mortar should possess these five essential qualities :*
I. High water retaining capacity. This means the ability of the mortar to hold enough water to remain plastic under the trowel regardless of the absorption of the masonry unit. Only such a mortar will have good workability and facilitate filling of joints, especially the verticals.
2. Bonding power or adhesiveness. This is more important than mere mortar strength, for if a mortar does not bond to the masonry it adds no strength to the wall. Some of the strongest mortars have the poorest bonding power and may produce a weaker masonry structure than a weaker mortar that bonds well. This is not always recognized in building codes.
3. Low volume changes subsequent to hardening. Shrinkage occurs to some degree in all types of mortar, not only when they take their initial set but in some cases by chemical action that continues over a long period of time. To this shrinkage is attributed most of the separation cracking that causes wet or leaking walls. Straight portland cement mortars, for example, shrink considerably over a long period of years," and to a greater degree than а cement and lime mortar.
4. Reasonable strength. (Зее bonding power) Where building codes demand specified strength and a fixed factor of safety, strength may control selection.
5. Minimum water soluble salts. The presence of water soluble salts in mortar or masonry will not in itself cause efflorescence. Dampness must also be present. But the amount and nature of the efflorescence that may develop under wet wall con- ditions is related to the quantity of soluble salts put into the wall with the mortar.
From this point on there is less agreement among authorities. The architect must choose from among the types indicated below the mortar composition that appeals to him.
High lime content cement mortars use lime as a cementitious material along with portland cement in
7+
equal or greater proportions by volume. Proponents of this type of mortar appear to be gaining ascend- ancy over low-lime or straight cement mortars, and a considerable number of, though not all, authorities favor its use.
An argument of this school of thought is that by replacing part of the portland cement in the mortar with lime the tendency of portland cement mortar to change volume subsequent to hardening is reduced by a material that is cementitious in itself.
There are slight differences of opinion as to the proportions recommended to meet various conditions of service. Though the industries concerned are constantly debating these differences, they seem to be inconsequential to a neutral observer if a clear distinction is made between the desire for water- resistant walls and for strength of mortar.
Proportions recommended by the National Lime Association are shown in Part A of Table 3. These are appropriate for all types of masonry work regardless of the rate of absorption of the units employed. Thus such mortars may be used without change throughout the wall even when a relatively non-absorptive face brick is backed up by absorptive common brick or hollow tile. No wetting of brick or stone is required summer or winter.
According to quite recent investigations, water retaining capacity of mortar is materially benefited if hydrated lime is made into lime putty and aged at least 12 to 24 hours before use in the mortar. Others recommend slaking quick lime for several days or weeks in accordance with old-time methods instead of using hydrated lime, but the inconvenience of using this practice in major projects does not appear to be offset by an equivalent gain,
Advantages claimed for the 2 lime, 1 cement, 9 sand mortar are: High water retaining capacity; superior plasticity and workability; good bond with brick and stone through a very wide range of absorptiveness; ample strength of completed ma- sonry due to superior bonding power through lime mortars have considerably less inherent strength than straight portland cement mortars; low volume changes subsequent to hardening; good extensibility (somewhat analogous to elasticity but connoting ability to withstand some movement within the wall) ; relative freedom from soluble sulphates that contribute to efflorescence.
Proportions recommended by the Portland Cement Association are shown in Part B of Table 3. The 1:1:6 ratio is recommended for normal work, where- as the Lime Association recommends this where strength is a major consideration. This difference appears to be due in large part to the emphasis placed by the cement authorities on the need for a mortar strength sufficient to meet commonly pre- vailing building code requirements. Where such mandatory codes govern, it is obvious that the two groups are in agreement. For still higher mortar strength (without reference to water-tightness) the
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
TABLE 3 — LIME- CEMENT MORTARS
A. Standard Proportions for All Types of Masonry Units (as recommended by National Lime Association)
Parts by Volume
Lime Cement Sand For all weather-tight unit masonry above grade............ T саев а а Y vence 9 Same, richer for increased mortar stfrengfh................... РЕЧАТ ape 7 to 8 For all brick masonry below grade—water-resistance lessened for increased Strength: P! аа КО жула 6 В. Mortar Mixes Recommended by the Portland Cement Association Mortar Mix Type of Unit Hyd. Lime Cement Sand Masonry Structure cu, ft. cu. ft. cu. ft, Foundations below grade—brick, concrete block or stone...................... Же | a saa ome 3 Load-bearing walls above grade—brick, concrete block or stone................ 1 Ë ati 6 СТ ПЕ: een ниочем té Java aa quia ee eo wis ic ug | Í RSE 4 Non-load bearing walls exposed to weather (panel walls|. ..................... I | арии сок 6 Non-load bearing walls unexposed to жеайһег................................. sk .......... .. зм... з Peintingr mortar (тн er nd ОТ] Е RS See ees К’ eem 2V5
C. Mortar Mixes Suggested for Different Conditions and Types of Masonry (as proposed by F. O. Anderegg, 1931)
Absorption Rate Summer Winter (below 40F) (95 increase in weight Narrow Joint Wide Joint Narrow Joint Wide Joint in 10 minutes) s L с 5 5 c High, above 10%... 2. ] 9 око leues 7% Dewees И DEDUCI ET Medium, 5-10% ......... ТА (eae ma 1 Dewan 6 I И Sm ра ТА 7 TOTIS MEM A ТЕНЕ ó l Гаа 5 І РОНС И Жоон 8 Mitreaus; 0-195 >... li. sess ! - 6 I 1 ... 7 I И. .7 1 „Ж seme 8
Lime: 7-8 cu. ft. of putty рег БЫ. of quick lime or 4-5 cu. ft. putty рег bbl. of hydrate Cement: 94 lbs. per cu. ft. Sand: 80-85 Ibs. рег cu. ft, loose and moist. All proportions by volume.
Portland Cement Association recommends a volume ratio of 14 lime: 1 cement: 3 sand.
A few authorities still adhere to the earlier recom- mendations of Anderegg™ that the mortar mix be varied according to the absorption ratio of brick expressed as a percentage increase in weight over air-dry condition following immersion flat side down in 1⁄4 inch of water for ten minutes. These recom- mendations are shown in Part C of Table 3.
Masonry mortars are largely proprietary compounds of portland cements, modified portland cements, slags, hydraulic limes, natural cements, mixtures of portland cements and natural cements, and mixtures of portland cements and hydrated limes.? Manu- facturers seldom identify the component elements in their patented mortars or reveal the proportions of each material. In consequence reports of re-
FOR APRIL
search investigators cannot be related to trade- marked products; the architect must rely upon the standing and integrity of the manufacturer and verified evidence that the masonry mortar under consideration has contributed largely to weather- tightness of many structures erected over a reason- able period of years. When a patented mortar has shown satisfactory performance, it offers the advan- tage over field mixtures of controlled uniformity through proper proportioning during the manufac- turing process.
Laboratory tests indicate that masonry mortars as a whole vary over a wide range in their water- retaining capacity, their strength and the extent of volume changes subsequent to hardening. For ex- ample, compressive strengths of 41 masonry mortars varied from about 50 Ibs. to 3650 lbs. per square inch at 28 days.
75
Figure 4... Broken sec- tion of B-inch brick wail as laid up by a mason following common ргас-
tice with a harsh mortar. Unfilled joints form reser- voirs in which water may collect, eventually pene
trating to the
interior
Straight portland cement mortars began to replace the traditional all-lime mortars many years ago when engineers discovered the greater strength of cement mortars and assumed this greater strength made a better wall. Speed of mixing and setting were other factors favored by the pressure to quicken the pace of building.
It is now generally agreed that the usual 1:3 mortar of portland cement and sand is too harsh under the mason's trowel, has very low water retain- ing capacity, only moderate adhesion, and high vol- ume changes subsequent to hardening. It therefore tends to produce a leaky wall though it does not follow that the use of this mortar causes leaky walls in all cases.
To improve the qualities of portland cement mor- tars various admixtures or modifiers have come into use. The Portland Cement Association, as noted in Table 4, recommends the employment of lime in combination with cement in what may be called a high lime-cement mortar for ordinary work and a low lime - portland cement mortar for work requiring compressive strength rather than water resistance.
"Waterproof" portland cement mortars are made by the use of “waterproof” cement or admixtures con- taining stearates of equivalent nature. These materi- als make the pores of the mortar somewhat water repellent, reducing their capillarity. То a certain degree they increase plasticity of mortar and its water-retaining capacity. They do not of them-
selves materially affect volume changes subsequent to hardening.
To an impartial observer waterproof portland cement mortars appear to have little advantage over the straight 1:3 cement mortars except for their water repellent characteristic and greater plasticity under the trowel. They produce satisfactory res ording to some investigators" and are of little or no value according to others.! The use of water- ortland cement with lime in the same proportions recommended for ordinary cements (Table 3) has much greater support than a 1:3 cement-sand ratio. But as one authority on lime mortars points out, the use of lime provides the requisite plasticity and water retaining capacity so “why paint the lily white?”
proofed
MORTAR JOINTS
HE thickness and formation of mortar joints
is almost as important as the composition of the mortar. One rule commonly neglected but of manifestly more importance than any other single factor is:
All mortar joints must be completely filled.
The sectional appearance of an 8-inch brick wall laid up by an average mason normally reveals an open space between the facing and backing brick as shown in Figure 4. Reservoirs thus formed can accumulate large volumes of water and only the per- manent tightness of mortar around the facing brick keeps them from being filled, If this air space were continuous, as may be deliberately sought in hollow wall construction, and the voids drained to the out- side through weep holes, the wall may actually drain out and dry out rapidly and cause no trouble, But if the water pockets are blind they develop sufficient hydrostatic pressure to force the water through the backing brickwork, causing excessive damage on the interior.
The first essential in getting the mason to fill joints properly is to provide him with a plastic mortar of high water-retaining capacity that will slush down into the vertical joints with minimum effort on his part. The second is expert supervision. See Figure 5.
Thickness of joints is important. The standard recommendation among leading authorities is not to exceed one-half inch in joint width. The pre- ferred joint is 3⁄4 inch thick.
Finish of joints should be given careful considera- tion. In Figure 6 are shown the common masonry joints in relation to dampproof walls. "Types that foster leaking are flush or plain cut, struck, raked and stripped joints. Struck, raked and stripped joints form shelves upon which rain water is driven by wind, giving it a good start toward penetrating anv separation cracks that may develop between mortar and masonry. The flush or plain cut joint, not tooled, is more or less torn by the action of the trowel which tends to make the surface rough and
constant and
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
orkmanship is a vital part of weather-tight masonry. (1) Full mortar b
(2)
ved mortar beds, once considered satisfactory practice, contribute materially to leaky
walls. (3) All mortar joints
ould be thoroughly filled by shoving the brick and by carefully slushing them full
with a plastic mortar (4) At the end of each day's work, wall should be prote
ed against soaking by rains
77
porous and sometimes to draw the mortar away from the brick at the face of the joint.
Types that minimize leaking are the weathered joint and two types of tooled joints—the V and the concave. These tooled joints are most effective if formed immediately after the mortar has begun to take its initial set. The tooling then compacts the joint without making the surface too dense for proper “breathing.” By doing the tooling when the mortar is slightly hardened, the pressure ге- quired forces the joint to expand and substantially reduces the likelihood of a separation crack devel- oping in the surface. It also compensates for shrinkage that takes place in all mortars prior to hardening. If the tooling is done when the mortar is fresh it tends to bring water to the surface and form a dense skin without reducing the likelihood of future separation cracking.
DESIGN OF MASONRY
UCH can be done to assure weather-tightness by proper design of the masonry.
Projecting courses should be eliminated wherever possible. They form shelves upon which water col- lects. Where they are required by the design they should be flashed with metal.
АП projecting masonry, such as belt courses, cor- nices, window heads, etc., should be equipped with a drip cut into the soffit and projecting as far from the wall as the design will permit. This is a com- monly neglected detail that is the cause of much trouble. Correct principles of design are shown in Fig. 8 and a clear demonstration of the staining and dampness resulting from the neglect of this detail is shown in the illustration, Fig. 7.
Soldier courses and other special masonry patterns which make it difficult for the mason to fill the joints thoroughly should be minimized and extra care taken in their construction.
Hollow walls are not likely to cause leakage if the hollow space is flashed and drained to the out- side. The circulation of air through these spaces and the ability of the masonry to dry out quickly because of them, are advantageous features, but if the hollow spaces are not properly drained they will accumulate water and may develop disastrous leakage.
All window and door frames should be designed to facilitate thorough caulking with a durable elastic caulking compound. А clearance of 4 or 3$ inch should be left all around such frames for the purpose and later covered with a suitable staff-bead after the caulking has been completed.
Plastering on the interior of masonry enclosing walls is seldom advisable, partly because leakage will damage plaster and interior decorations; partly because such walls are poor insulators and may cause excessive condensation on the interior; and to some extent because such walls have poor acous- tical or sound absorbing properties. Furring interior masonry walls before applying plaster is always recommended.
BITUMINOUS DAMPPROOFINGS
N the waterproofing trade the term "dampproofing"
refers to the application of bituminous materials to the inside surfaces of exterior walls above grade. It has become common practice, especially in skeleton construction so to dampproof enclosing walls and to apply gypsum plaster directly to the dampproofed surfaces. The function of this treatment is to pro- tect the plaster from contact with moisture absorbed through the wall by capillarity, and where plastering must be applied directly this practice is recommend- ed. However, such dampproof coatings are incapable of resisting any hydrostatic pressure such as may develop through shrinkage cracks and unfilled joints.
Some authorities object strongly to this practice
TYPES OF MORTAR JOINTS THAT FOSTER LEAKING
TYPES THAT MINIMIZE LEAKING
Flush or Plain Cut Struck Raked Stripped Weathered V-joint Concave Joint Trowel leaves These three types form" shelves upon which Both of these tooled joints mortar rough water collects,favoring penetration of sepa- to be finished after mortar and loose ration cracks between mortar and brick has taken initial set
Figure 6... The formation of masonry joints is a factor in
weather-tight construction.
78
Recommended thickness is 3%
inch
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
Figure 7... Five adjacent buildings reveal good and poor design and construction. From left to right, the first The center build-
ing shows serious staining due to lack of drips on projecting cornice and belt courses, and serious efflor-
end second show no damage except where water flows down junction of prope
ence of brickwork in ting from
е
ing are provided with drips. At extreme right, staining is
ontinue
jue +
rty walls
faulty parapet flashing
ing courses on fourth build
inder metail railing
VAN ANDA
PROJECTING COURSES
WINDOW 51115
[
L JIL
JL
I
[EI a
m im Е ү А Г, 1
Incorrect Correct
All projecting
courses should be provided with drips
Not Recommended
I
Recommended
Proper flashing of slip sills is difficult
Lug sills should be used in all cases and flashed over lugs
Figure 8... In design det
lug sills with proper flashings, and prc
FOR APRIL 1933
Is ate prov
ision of drips on
vision for adequate caulking of
w and d
oor frames
and of course insist upon furring of all plaster work. Their principal arguments are:
1. If the dampproof coating is effective the entire wall must dry out through the exterior face, and since this drying out is much slower than absorption de- teriorating effects are accelerated.
2. If furring is used the slight dampness resulting from capillary transmission of water to the inner surface may be harmlessly absorbed by the air cir- culating around the furring strips, or may be drained down the wall and carried away by through flashings at the spandrel beams.
3. Reliance upon such dampproof coatings encour- ages carelessness in the design and construction of exterior masonry work in the erroneous belief that a durable and satisfactory barrier to water penetra- tion is thus produced.
Ií such dampproofing is made mandatory by the need for plastering directly on interior surfaces, three types of asphalts are available: The first is a mastic containing heavy asbestos reinforcing and applied as a trowel coating. It is recommended for dampproofing solid brick walls, but should not be used for hollow back-up tile since the material fills the grooves of the tile and prevents proper keying of plaster to the masonry. The second is a semi- mastic brush coat containing fibre and is the heaviest consistency of coating recommended for hollow tile. The third is a brush coat without fibre reinforce- ment. It is largely used but lacks the body of asbes- tos reinforced materials. None of these may be re- lied upon to fill cracks or badly formed joints in hollow tile or other back-up masonry. Such open- ings should be pointed or repaired before applying any bituminous dampproofing.
These dampproofing materials do not improve the bond of plaster to the wall, statements of manufac- turers to the contrary notwithstanding. The term "plaster bond" is misleading when applied to these materials. None of them may be applied to con- crete surfaces as a base for any plaster, nor can cement plaster be applied successfully over them.
FLASHINGS
A N important aspect of good design is the proper
use of flashings. They should be used to pre- vent entrance of water into masonry at vulnerable points, to divert water in masonry to the exterior, and 10 prevent capillary rise of water through masonry from the earth. Points requiring particular attention in the design of flashings follow :
Flashing materials usually employed are copper, lead- coated copper and bituminous membrane materials. Differences of opinion regarding choice between these materials are largely based upon questions of cost and workmanship rather than durability. Tt is
80
generally recognized that copper flashings, properly installed, are preferred for all work of high quality. They should be used wherever budget conditions permit. Their chief drawback, the development of stains on light colored masonry where metal comes to the exposed surface, can be eliminated by the use of lead-coated copper, at least for parts subject to exposure. Bituminous flashings, composed of asphalt or tar-saturated felts or fabrics and usually embedded in, as well as covered by, a troweled or brushed coating of bituminous waterproofing com- pound, represent a lower cost and more easily in- stalled flashing. But these, too, may cause staining of light colored masonry if the bitumens employed are not permanently insoluble in water. Some asphaltic compounds are emulsifiable and may seep through masonry.
On most work it is possible to use copper or lead- coated copper for all through wall flashings where straightaway runs are normally installed and fitting does not involve expensive cutting and soldering to assure tightness. In spandrel beam flashing where such fitting is expensive bituminous flashings are fre- quently favored.
Lead should not be used for through wall flashings. Studies reported by the British Building Research Station reveal that lead is attacked by portland ce- ment mortar and by fresh lime mortar, though it is not affected by lime mortar that has thoroughly car- bonated. Since this may not occur for а long period of time in the interior of a masonry wall, it is ad- visable to avoid the use of lead unless the lead is thoroughly coated on both sides with bituminous waterproofing compound. This difficulty, however, is not detrimental to the use of lead-coated copper for through flashings because mortar quickly car- bonates near the surface of the wall where the lead coating is effective in preventing copper staining. If the coating is eroded in the interior of the wall, the copper remains as an enduring barrier.
Parapets are extremely vulnerable parts of any ma- sonry structure. They should be provided with con- tinuous through flashings under the coping unless the coping is of impervious material with water-tight joints such as are provided by the use of salt-glazed tile with lapped and sealed joints. The back face of low parapets may be completely covered with a dur- able, properly ventilated flashing to prevent water from entering at this point through the back-up masonry of the wall below. If parapets of this type are solidly covered, frost action may develop under the waterproof facing and break it away as well as damage the masonry itself. See Figure 9. Better practice is to provide a through flashing at the base of the parapet so placed as to project any water that may enter through the exterior face.
Projecting courses of all types should be flashed on
the upper surface to prevent the entrance of water at the shelf formed by the projection. This rule
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
FOR
If dowel is used encase Nin soldered copper cup
Counter flashing not attached to surface covering lo provide for ventilation of masonry and eliminate damage by frost
Standing seam copper facing
Roof flashing
LOW PARAPET
Piece of membrane wrapped around
flanges over turned- up spandrel
Where coping has по projection ond drip, turn flashing down on woll 14 inch
Through flash- ing Serves as counter flashing al the roof
HIGH PARAPET
Turn up on
inner =
Through flashing turned down as counter flashing
/
/ бйр
С баағ wash of all projecting masonry with lead-coated copper and finish with folded drip
PROJECTING
Flashing carried through joint in flue lining and turned up on inside of flue
FLASHING
Heavy cove of maslic thoroughly covering edge of membrane
Inserted piece
COURSES
Copper box with soldered joints
assembled around column leaving }4* clearance all around ` Pour hot bitumen bet column and flashing
AT CHIMNEYS
bedded in mastic
Cement wash
Cement wash to slope flashing toward exterior
Spondrel Membrane
Mastic to slop water flowing oround end of lintel angle into window box
BITUMINOUS SPANDREL BEAM FLASHING
Turn down edge of damp course flashing where possible
Projection shown also becomes termite barrier
Turn up ends of lintel flashings in wall
Turn up edge on Pezi inner face
LINTEL FLASHING М
Turn up ends of sill flashings in wall
DAMP COURSE FLASHING
SILL FLASHING
box. Finish with wash of mastic
COPPER
SPANDREL BEAM FLASHING
Wherever possible in furred wall construc- tion turn up through flashings at face line of furring to form condensation gutter
и
4— Weep holes 18" to 24" o.c formed with M" wood dowels withdrawn as mortar hardens
In hollow wall construction and with hollow back-up tile to be plastered direct, turn up flash ing loosely against inner face
THROUGH FLASHING DETAILS
Figure 9... Flashings should be installed at all vulnerable points where the movement of water in masonry may be in-
terrupted by construction members or openings. All flashings are through flashings designed to divert water to the exterior
APRIL 1935
81
applies to belt courses of brick or stone, as well as to cornices or projecting decorative elements. Note in the detail in Figure 9 how the flashings cover the wash of the projecting course and are folded down over the edge to form a primary drip. Lead-coated copper should be used for this purpose to avoid staining. Reglets designed to stop the flashing short of the exposed edge frequently cause trouble through frost action or cracking of the masonry.
Chimneys are a frequent source of leakage. Through flashings should be used at all points where chimneys join roof lines and the flashings should be carried through joints in the flue lining itself and turned up inside the flue. Most of the leakage in chimneys is due to water traveling between the flue lining and the masonry enclosure.
Spandrel beam flashings should extend completely through the masonry in two or more horizontal steps, extending from the floor line down to the lintel line of windows below. Particular care should be exer- cised in flashing the columns. In Figure 9 are shown recommended details for the use of both bituminous membrane and copper flashings. In the latter the column is enclosed in a copper box (with soldered joints) which loosely encases the steel work. After fitting and soldering to the spandrel beam flashing, the space between the column box and the steel is filled with hot bitumen. The top edge is then given a wash of waterproof mastic. This is the most dur- able, water-tight spandrel detail used by the highest grade contractors.
Window sills, especially those made up of multiple units of masonry, should have through flashings placed beneath them and extended into the masonry wall as shown in Figure 9. The ends of these flashings should be turned up in the mortar joints to force
water to the outside edge rather than around the ends.
Lintels over door and window openings should have through flashings placed immediately above them and extended into the masonry with turned up ends.
Damp course flashings should be installed at the water table or just above the ground level to prevent water rising by capillary action into the masonry above de. Through flashings, , must be used shown in Figure 9. If the design will permit the flashing to be extended from the outer face as in- dicated, it tends to prevent the entrance of termites through the masonry wall and into interior wood framing.
All flashings shown extend from one face of the masonry to the other. Though architects may object to the projection of a flashing on the exterior surface, this design should be permitted wherever possible as it substantially improves the effectiveness of the flashing. Otherwise through flashings should be stopped not more than 65 inch from the exterior lace.
oí cou
Where plastering must be applied directly to the interior surface of masonry walls the through flash- ing should be turned up loosely and to a point higher than any ridge provided in the flashing for bonding purposes. Where the interior plaster work may be furred from the wall, the inner edge of the flashing should be turned up at the face line of the furring to form a gutter which will carry off any condensa- tion or seepage on the inner face of the masonry. It is also considered advisable by experienced contrac- tors to provide weep holes at 18 to 24-inch intervals above through flashings, particularly in hollow wall and hollow back-up tile construction. These may be formed by inserting 1⁄4 inch wood dowels in the mortar and withdrawing them before the joint has taken its final set.
Remedial Waterproofing Methods .. .
HEN existing substructures prove to be
leaky and require remedial treatment, a
very thorough study of existing con-
ditions should be made prior to any de- cision as to the procedure to be followed. Experi- enced counsel should be employed wherever possible to assist in this work.
While no specific recommendation can be laid down as to methods appropriate to any individual case, the following notes will indicate what processes are generally considered reliable and the conditions they may be called upon to correct. There should be no mystery or hocus pocus about remedial water- proofing and dampproofing. Almost invariably meth- ods and materials employed in new construction are
82
re-employed in remedial work to correct deficiencies in the original structure.
Condensation is often the cause of dampness at- tributed to seepage through walls and floors of substructures. Where this dampness is periodic and does not appear to come from localized areas, a study should be made to determine if its appearance is coincident with the admission of warm humid air through the basement. This air, coming in contact with relatively cold masonry walls or with cold pipes may cause condensation sufficient to flood the surface of a relatively large floor area. Proper ventilation, and insulation of these cold surfaces from contact with moist air, are the only practicable solutions to the problem’.
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
Subsoil drainage should be considered among the first of the remedial procedures. In small dwellings damp basements are frequently caused by dry wells in too close proximity to the foundation or of in- adequate size. Grading close to the building should be studied to ascertain if surface water can be kept away from foundation walls. Footing drains should be examined for stoppage. Where none exist it may be more satisfactory in the long run to excavate to the footing level and install new drains to a suitable outfall than to apply waterproofing materials.
LEAKAGE THROUGH CRACKS W HERE a crack in the masonry itself or in the
joint between floors and walls is obviously the source of leakage, the following methods may be tried:
Ií the crack is in a basement wall the preferred method is to make repairs from the outside by ex- cavating until the crack is exposed. The crack should then be cut back to form a channel an inch or two deep and filled with a 1:174 cement-sand mortar mixed to the consistency of moist earth. This should be well rammed into the crack with a caulking or ball-peen hammer. The adjacent wall area should then be treated with an impermeable cement mortar skin following the practice outlined for this work in new construction. The wall must be thoroughly cleaned and chipped back, if necessary, with bush hammers or compressed air tools to assure perfect bond.
If the crack cannot be plugged from the outside the same treatment may be used on the inner surface. It is imperative that water pressure be relieved until the plaster coat has been properly cured. This may be done by driving well heads or sump-pits outside of the wall and pumping out ground water until the leakage has stopped, maintaining the pumping oper- ation until the cement plaster has hardened properly ; or pipes may be driven through the wall to serve as weep holes and the water drained through them until the rest of the work is completed. The holes are then plugged.
If leakage occurs through floor cracks or through porous areas in the floor a new floor should be laid over the old with a watertight joint at the walls. Tf leakage is serious a waterproof membrane may be applied to the old floor before laying a new concrete surface. In laying a new floor of this type it should be placed in rectangular slabs not exceeding 100 sq. ft., placing the alternate slabs first and then coating the edges with hot bitumen before placing the re- maining slabs.
PATCHING HONEYCOMBED AREAS
HERE leakage is apparently due to excessive porosity in certain areas (sometimes caused by hidden stone pockets or by poor joints between old and new work) the surface should be cut out to a depth of at least one inch, making the edges at right
FOR APRIL 1935
angles to the surface. The areas should be cleaned and wetted and a bonding coat of one part cement to one of sand applied approximately 1⁄4 inch thick. Mix one-half to three hours before using and re-mix without adding water to keep the mortar from stif- fening. It should be forcibly projected or dashed onto the surface. Then build up the area with mor- tar placed in coats about 3⁄4 inch thick in the manner indicated for water-tight cement mortar."
LEAKAGE FROM MULTIPLE CAUSES F seepage is prevalent over large areas indicating a porous condition in the concrete, or if the seat of trouble cannot be localized, resort must be had to one of the following three methods.
Bituminous membranes may be applied to existing construction if (a) the water side of the leaky struc- ture can be exposed sufficiently to permit the appli- cation of a continuous membrane over the whole area subjected to water pressure, or (b) if a membrane applied on the side away from the water can be backed up by additional masonry of sufficient weight or strength to resist the hydrostatic pressure that would otherwise burst the membrane away from the wall or floor. Procedures described for new con- struction are followed in either case. Hydrostatic pressures are usually computed without allowing for the resistance which existing masonry may impose. That is, the pressure is considered to be 62.5 Ibs. per sq. ft. per foot of head.
When the existing structure has а waterproof membrane and leakage occurs, it is invariably due to a failure of the membrane through puncture or de- terioration. Under these circumstances the seepage point on the interior may not correspond with the actual break in the membrane. Water may pass through the membrane and creep along its surface or may travel long distances within the masonry follow- ing minute cracks or porous areas where it meets the least resistance. Its appearance on the inner surface may be several feet from the source of trouble. To repair such membranes, it may therefore be neces- sary to expose very large areas. Usually it is cheaper to have recourse to other methods.
Waterproof cement coatings may be applied on the interior of such walls in the manner indicated for new construction and for patching over repaired cracks.
Iron method surface treatments may also be tried on existing concrete walls, though of course they have no application on walls of unit masonry, such as stone, hollow concrete units or brick. Procedures described for new work are followed.
Dampproofing compounds, such as bituminous brush or trowel coatings and colorless liquid waterproofing materials made for superstructure dampproofing, cannot resist hydrostatic pressure and should not be relied upon for substructure work of this character.
83
О many factors may contribute to wet wall conditions or interior leakage through the superstructures of masonry buildings that the thoroughness with which a preliminary sur- vey of causes is made has a great influence on the effectiveness of the remedial measures subsequently undertaken. Roof leaks, interior piping, and con- densation on exposed walls are frequent sources of trouble attributed to leakage through walls.
The survey should first consider whether details of design are at fault, such as lack of drips in pro- jecting courses or faulty detailing of parapets, chim- neys and flashings. One or more existing flashings in troubled areas should be cut away and examined for deterioration or faulty installation. While flash- ings are theoretically the second line of defense in masonry construction, it is advisable to replace all defective flashings and to install new flashings at vulnerable spots not properly protected in the original construction. Most wet wall conditions and superstructure seepage, however, require treatment
of mortar joints.
Two major schools of thought in this field differ solely on the value of colorless dampproofing liquids. The first, rejecting them entirely, relies upon proper repointing of mortar joints. ‘The second requires re- pointing followed by overall treatment to fill all pores in both masonry and mortar to whatever depth the liquid will penetrate.
REPOINTING METHOD
Е we agree with the majority of authorities that
wet walls and leakage through masonry walls above grade are primarily due to separation cracks between the mortar and the masonry, then we must accept the fact that the best way to correct wet wall conditions in existing masonry is to stop up these cracks, By the same token, if walls should be per- mitted to "breathe" and dry out through the face any water that enters by capillary action, absorption or through other causes, it is not necessary or de- sirable to close the surface pores present in prac- tically all brick and stone.
Many successful dampproofing contractors are in agreement with research authorities who believe it unsound practice to seal the pores of exterior masonry with liquid treatments. They recommend that faulty joints be cut away as deeply as practicable from the
/
exterior face—írom 72 to as much as 112 inches, depending on the hardness of the mortar and the condition of the joints—and repointing with а cement mortar. Ií this work is properly done, pro- ponents of this method believe there is no need to apply colorless waterproofing compounds over the entire surface of the wall. After a thorough re-
pointing job has been completed the wall should be
Remedial Dampproofing Above Grade . . .
1е Гог a sufficient. period of time to ascertain the effectiveness of this treatment. И leakage has not been entirely stopped the repointed work itself should be examined and, if faulty, the cracked joints re- paired. One contractor, following this practice on several millions of square feet of masonry walls of all types, has been eminently successful and has never resorted to the application of colorless dampproofing liquids.
REPOINTING MORTARS
HE practice most frequently recommended for
repointing is to make a mortar containing one part cementitious material to not less than 2% nor more than 3 parts of sand, This mortar may be of the same composition as the mortar used in the wall, if the separation cracking appears due to improper workmanship or it may be а similar composition modified to overcome the deficiencies of the first. It is not good practice to change the type materially, as the difference in characteristics between the original bed mortar and the repointing material may cause warping strains.
If the mortar contains any portland cement it should be prepared at least two hours before using so that first shrinkage takes place before it is ap- plied. This, of course, requires reworking before application. The reworked mortar, moderately dry, should then be put into the joints in such a way as to fill them thoroughly but not to make an extremely dense, impervious joint. After the repointed joint has begun to harden, it should be tooled to a V or half round shape as recommended for new con- struction. The whole purpose of repointing is to secure adhesion of the mortar to the masonry and to form a joint that will not develop separation cracks through shrinkage.
There are a large number of proprietary caulking and pointing compounds available on the market, most of which have bituminous materials in their composition or are otherwise made waterproof or impervious, Insufficient authority has been found to establish the value of these materials over a sand mortar that permits the wall to breathe.
LIQUID SURFACE TREATMENTS
HE second school of thought believes that appli-
cation of certain types of liquid dampproofing compounds over exterior masonry contributes defi- nitely to successful results. Certainly many water- proofing contractors use them as one step in their procedure.
No reputable manufacturer claims any colorless material so far discovered will bridge over separation cracks of visible width or fill faulty joints. Hence
AMERICAN
ARCHITECT
the first step invariably is to repoint mortar joints, repair or install flashings, etc.
There is a host of proprietary liquid "waterproof ers" offered for the final surface treatment. Most of them are colorless, some have slight color limiting their use to dark toned masonry, others have definite color, as in the case of paints and bituminous surface treatments. Many of the so-called colorless ma- terials eventually cause discoloration.
Bureau of Stendards Research Paper 771, pub- lished in March 1935, is the latest reliable study of the value of representative colorless waterproofings for exterior masonry. Abstracts from an official sum- mary state, "It was found that some types of treat- ment were of little value from the start, and others which initially gave good waterproofing values, de- teriorated rapidly. However, some types have quite consistently shown high waterproofing values over exposure periods of 8 to 12 years."
In general wax types proved durable but caused discoloration ; insoluble soap types produced no ap- preciable discoloration but were not very durable; thinned fatty acids and particularly those with high- melting paraffin in solution were fairly satisfactory if adapted to the pore structure of the masonry un- der consideration; varnishes, lacquers and waxes which produce a film, treatments using reacting solu- tions to produce an insoluble precipitate, and treat- ments intended to react with the masonry were not found to be very effective. Some of the more dur- able types were found to have preservative value on masonry, supporting their use for prolonging the life of statues, monuments, etc. The report does not identify trade names.
Care must be exercised, obviously, in selecting products of suitable character and proven perform- ance. Since reliable as well as shyster manufacturers make substantially the same claims for their products
the task is not easy nor is there any better guide than long use in the field and high reputation of the pro- ducer. In so far as claims for these products lead to omission of repointing and the expectation that mere application of one or several coats will produce satis- factory results, their influence is harmful. "Their strongest supporters assert they should never be used as a short cut or low cost expedient for remedying leaky walls.
OPAQUE SURFACE TREATMENTS
HEN the color or texture of the original
masonry surface can be modified, as frequently occurs in reinforced concrete structures such as fac- tories, warehouses, etc., it is possible to dampproof the exterior and protect the masonry against the deteriorating effects of weathering with suríace coat- ings of paints or bituminous compounds. А pro- cedure that has been successfully used to protect re- inforced concrete structures from further spalling due to frost action and the rusting of reinforcement near the surface, consists of the following steps: First the surface is patched where spalling has oc- curred and all cracks filled. Then a cut-back bitum- inous priming coat is brushed or sprayed over the whole surface. Over this one or more coats of special prepared bitumens, hot or cold, are applied according to manufacturers instructions and the final coating is a tar aluminum paint which appears black on application but dries out to an aluminum colored finish. Treatments of this kind are best entrusted to experienced contractors.
The statements presented in this article are based upon careful study of the investigations, research papers and reports quoted below, and upon personal discussion of these problems with several experienced waterproofing and dampproofing con- tractors, manufacturers of cement, lime, brick and proprietary compounds, and correspondence with secretaries of trade asso- ciations and several of the authorities quoted.
REFERENCES
(1) “Tests for Integral and Surface Water- @* proofings for Concrete” by С. H. Jump- Masonry Units er, Research Paper No, 3%, Bureau of Standards, 1931.
Essential Properties of Mortars for (14) “A Primer on Efflorescence," L. В. ' L. A. Palmer, Brick & Clay Record, Nov. 1934.
(8) "Leaky Brick Walls and How to Pre-
Lent, Brick Mírs. Association.
(15) “Wet Walls and Efflorescence,” Г. A. Palmer and others, American Face
(2) “А Study of the Properties of Mortars vent Them" by John Н. Mallon, Ar- Brick Association, pP and Ei. RH p Hits! Record, Dec. 1932, | (16) Becommended Practice for. ELS Parsons. Research Paper RP 683 (9) "Design and Control of Concrete Mix- ater-tig! asements with | Con- Bureau of Standards, 1934, tures," 6th Ed. Portland Cement As- FE Jum Cement Association, ©) um Testa n ВЕ Brik дој "TM Bos of Absorption,” T. Н. Han- (17) p" — Meo D Т.А. Рајт код In A. sen, Brick Mfrs, Assn. of N. Y. Cement Association, No. ST6, 1934. | su. for as Materials, Vol 34 (1) «Resultant Separation Cracking PE (18) h ‘Sweating et Concrete Walla,” Port- | d v tween Various ortars and rick in lan men ssociation, о. . (4) “Permeability of Brick Masonry Walls s E CR Wed Хем УС Vor king Materials, Vol. 34 Part MH, СО pBullding WWater-tight Masonry Wallet E 1934. د (5) "Moisture, Penetration Through Ma- (12) “Can Brick ‘Wall Construction Re (20) “Bonding Concrete or Plaster to Con- sony И valle: fommittee он MAREA Made Water-tight," F. O. Anderegg. pieten Portland Cement Association, Do Bood: Joey АГАМ. Architectural Record, September 1931. No. STH, 1934. (13) “Investigation of Commercial Masonry (21) “Effect of Calcium Chlorid Port- (6) “Bonding Efficiency of Mortars for Cements,” Jesse S. Rogers and Вау. land Cement and Concretes,” Paul Unit Masonry" by L. A. Palmer, En- mond L. Blaine, Research Paper RP746, Rapp. 14th Annual Proceedings, High- gineering News-Record, Aug. 16. 1934. Bureau of Standards. way Research Board (Review only).
FOR APRIL 1935 85
Weather-proofing
the walls of a house in Connecticut with “Electro-Sheet”.
How "Electro-Sheet" may be applied
on the inside walls and in the attic to
minimize loss of warm air and in- filtration of cold air.
-Electro-Sheet" Copper
seals
New paper-thin Copper —in long, wide rolls
—for Weather-proofing and Damp-proofing
Walls, Floors, Foundations, Cellars... protects in-
sulation, keeps out moisture, prevents infiltration
MAGINE pure Copper as thin as paper...in long rolls, 30 inches
wide...and weighing only one ounce
ANACONDA zi ||
| fs | Anaconda "Electto- E s Sheet" Copper, cor- ка Sos] š: rectly applied to the . | №1 wallsandfloor ofthe ES l Ë cellar, in much the ES] | same way as other 1 |
water-proofing ma terials, offers durable and inexpensive pro- rection. t
2-ply 2-02. Anaconda Eiectro-Sheet" Copper — applied with bot asphalt
per square foot! But rust-proof and strong! That describes a new devel- opment by Anaconda metallurgists . . ."Electro-Sheet" Copper, which has so many interesting and valuable applications in the building field. This new Copper product, applied in the same manner as building paper, serves as an efficient and low- cost damp-proofing and weather-
proofing material for walls and roofs.
the house
Ic also prevents moisture trom enter- ing basements...keeps cellars dry. It makes houses cooler in summer and easier to heat in winter. The low cost of Anaconda "Electro-Sheet'' does not begin to represent the value it gives to any house.
This paper-thin Copper product is available bonded to Sisalkraft paper ("Copper Armored Sisalkraft’’) ...with a backing of 20-1Ъ. asbestos .and bonded Metal
felt ("Copperclad") . . to Robertson Protected ("Copper Covered RPM").
A more durable type of built-up roof construction is provided by the use of plain 2-ounce ‘'Electro-Sheet’', with alternate layers of asphalt.
THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY
General Offices:
Waterbury, Connecticut
Offices and Agencies in Principal Cities
86
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
FOR
GOOD CONCRETE
IS
^" OOD concrete is inherently watertight. Poor concrete
is not. Surface treatments or waterproofing com- pounds are of little value, unless conerete is made of good materials and properly mixed, placed and cured. Possess- ing these itself has all watertight characteristics.
qualities, concrete of necessary
Watertight concrete portions of cement and water with good sand and stone;
obtained by mixing proper pro-
by placing the conerete without segregation—and by curing it thoroughly.
Usually when concrete leaks, water was used improperly —too much in the mix, too little in keeping the concrete wet until thoroughly cured. mixing
weakens concrete and leaves innumerable void spaces which
Too much water
may cause leakage. Care must be taken to use the proper water content for a given exposure.
Thorough Curing Essential
Thorough curing is equally important. In fact, а well- made, carefully-placed concrete will be watertight or not,
depending upon how well it is cured,
The importance of curing is apparent when it is recalled that newly-placed concrete hardens and attains strength through a cement This as long as
chemical reaction between and water,
reaction continues only
INHERENTLY WATERTIGHT
Better Cement—Better Concrete
Through a basic improvement in the process of manufac- turing Portland cement, "Incor" 24-Hour Cement combines with water in one-fifth the usual time. As a result, “Incor” concrete kept wet for only 24 hours has greater durability and watertightness than ordinary concrete as cured on the average job. mend that "Incor" concrete be kept wet for 48 hours—at
However, for watertight structures we recom-
which time it is as thoroughly cured as ordinary concrete kept wet for 10 days.
Any concrete can be cured 48 hours—but 10 days is
By producing thoroughly-cured concrete in the limited time available on most jobs, *Incor"
de
idedly another story!
goes a long way toward helping to assure stronger, denser, more watertight concrete.
Other Advantages “Incor” makes concrete a ready-to-use material. Other advantages include savings of 40 to 60 percent on form costs in concrete buildings and bridges—earlier form re-use means that one form-set does the work of two or three, floors can Бе re-surfaced week-end-
Heavy-duty over a
preventing business disruption. In a word, concrete placed
today is in use tomorrow.
The price of "Incor"* is now little more than ordinary cement—a fraction of resulting economies.
water is kept in the concrete. И allowed to dry out before curing is well advanced, strength, durability impaired.
d watertightness are
For watertight concrete, 10 days' curing when ordinary Portland ce- ment is used. But practical limitations on most jobs make it impossible to wait that long.
is necessary
So, curing usually stops too soon and the quality of the conerete suffers.
Watertight Concrete
with ‘INCOR’ 24-Hour Cement
Made and sold by producers of Lone Star
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Cement, subs
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Write for free copy of this timely, prac- tical book. With simple text and illustra- tions, it tells how to determine the proper quantity of mixing water for various ex- bosures; and how to mix, place and cure concrete, Address "Incor" 24-Hour Cement, Room 2200, 342 Madison Ave., New York.
‘INCOR’ 24-Hour Cement
APRIL
19:35
87
Waterproofed
Waterproofing
SHUTTING OUT MOISTURE
Effectively—Permanently
Tur VALUE and durability of Cabot’s Waterproofings have been proved by more than 40 years of actual experience. They penetrate, fill and seal the pores, waterproofing the surface and preventing stains and efflorescence. Made in two types—Clear Brick Waterproofing for red brick, sand- stone and other dark surfaces, and Clear Cement Water-
proofing for stucco, concrete, cast stone and light surfaces.
Send coupon below for Clear Waterproofings Catalogue.
Cabot’s
Clear Waterproofings
Made by the Makers of Cabot's Creosote Shingle Stains
Church of the Holy Child, Philadelphia. 1930 Medal, Philade phia Chapter, A.1. A. Thomas Г. Lovatt. Architect. Cast stone treated with Cabot's Clear Cement Water- proofing.
ma 141 MILK STREET TA beht BOSTON, MASS.
Manufacturing Chemists
Please send me Cabot’s Clear Waterproofings Catalogue
Name
Address $ TIE TNT e nnn прати AA-4-35
88
Neighbors of Wood- стай Building, Port- land, Ore. Sutton Whitney, Architect
Cabot's Clear Brick
PERSONALS
е |{ you change your address, please report the change direct rican Architect five weeks before the change is to take sending both old and new addresses. The Post Office will not forward copies to your new address unless extra post- age is provided by you. Our request is made to save you this expense and to assure the receipt of your American Architect.
е The architectural firm of Craft, Gill & Walsh, 247 Park Ауе., New York, was dissolved as of Feb- ruary 18th. Alton L. Craft will return to private architectural practice with offices at 6 East 45th St., New York. He requests that manufacturers send both catalogs and samples pertaining to residen- tial work. Harrison Gill will continue to practice architecture at 247 Park Ave. Harold V. Walsh will not engage in active practice.
* Edward B. Wilkens, New York, and Seymour Saltus, Morristown, N have been appointed by Columbia University as exchange scholars at the Royal Institute of Architecture in Rome, Italy, for 1935-36. The students, each in their last year at the Columbia University School of Architecture, were chosen because of outstanding academic work.
* Membership of the Florida State Board of Ar- chitects has recently changed. Franklin O. Adams, Jr., of Tampa replaces Rudolph Weaver of Gaines- ville as President. Harry M. Griffin of Daytona Beach takes Mr. Adams' place as a new member and Chandler C. Yonge of Pensacola replaces George L. Pfeiffer of Miami.
* Sturgis Associates, Inc., and William Stanley Parker announce that Mr. Parker has retired from the Corporation as of January 14th, 1935. Sturgis Associates and Mr. Parker will continue, independ- ently, the practice of architecture at their previous offices, 120 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass.
* At a recent election of the Michigan Society of Architects, Clair W. Ditchy was elected President; Emil Lorch, Ist vice president; Frank H. Wright, secretary; Andrew R. Morison, treasurer; and Tal- mage С. Hughes, executive secretary.
e Walter Н. Taylor, Е.А.Т.А., of Philadelphia, will address the Conference on Church Architecture on “Trends in American Church Design.” The con- ference will be held at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York, on May 7th.
° The Department of Architecture, College of Arts and Sciences, Pacific Coast University, at 2256 Venice Blvd., Los Angeles, California, desires com- plete manufacturers’ catalogs and samples for li- brary use.
* The Copper and Brass Research Association an- nounces the removal of its office from 25 Broad-
way to 420 Lexington Avenue, New York.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING PRODUCTS
For Watertight Concrete and Damp-proofing Concrete Mortars HYDROCIDE INTEGRAL PASTE AND POWDER Admixtures comprising water- repellent ingredients for per manently waterproofing mass concrete, stucco, brick mortar and floor topping TRIMIX ng integral liquid
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HYDROCIDE NO. 633
Bituminous liquid coating for interior damp-proofing and plaster-bond of exposed exte rior walls above grade.
Above Grade Surface Treat- ments for Hardening, Dust- proofing and Protecting Concrete Floors
LAPIDOLITH
ats the dependable final treatment for securing durable, dustproof and economically maintainable concrete floors.
Colorless Waterproofing Above Grade, Exterior Masonry Walls
HEBDROCIOE TERIOR
OLORL| A liguid colorless treatment in effect forming an invisible
film over exterior walls, pre- serving the beauty of texture and preventing the absorption of moisture, soot and dirt, after pointing of mortar joints, etc
Watertight Caulking
and Glazing
KAUKIT Airproof, waterproof, non shrinking, plastic compound for caulking steel sash, flash ings, etc., suitable for point ing mortar joints preliminary to v Hydrocide Exterior
*
Preserving and Finishing ‘ood Floors
LIGNOPHOL
hances the appearance
adds years to the ave
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L. SONINEBORN SONS, INC. Fa
ad ci
WATERPROOFING SERVICE BASED ON 30 YEARS' EXPERIENCE
THIRTY years ago MINWAX was the name of a product.* Today itis the name of a complete service, covering all requirements for waterproofing, damp- proofing, caulking and the preservation of masonry and wood, and embodying two things — First: A group of thirty odd products evolved from practical day-to-day experience between the job and labora- tory; Second: An engineering service based on that experience and capable of recommending the proper solution of a single waterproofing problem, or pre- senting a comprehensive plan for the complete waterproofing of a project. MINWAX recommends that all divisions of water- proofing be grouped, studied as a single prob- lem and specified in a sep- arate section, under a single main heading.
REMEDIAL
WATERPROOFING
MINWAX TransparentWater- Ü | КА wl proofings, which were created | ia ШЕ in 1906, together with our `
Caulking Compounds, Flashing Materials and proper masonry pointing constitute the most thoroughly proven method of remedying leaking walls. We м. J. will gladly submit complete specifications and recommend qualified appliers.
Bell Tel. Co., Newark, М. J. This is one of more than
twenty buildings for N. J. Bell Waterproofed with MINWAX Transparent Waterproofings
See Sweets, Section 4, Catalog 16
MINWAX CO., Inc. 11 West 42nd Street e New York
Branch: CHICAGO Factory: DELAWANNA, N. J. *MINWAX originated the cotton fabric system of membrane waterproofing in 1904 90
ә Clarence H. Tabor, Jr., was recently given the Anton L. Vegliante Memorial Award for distin- guished service to the Architects League of North- ern New Jersey.
* The Office of Carlos B. Schoeppl has now become the Office of Carlos B. Schoeppl and Arnold South- well with offices at 528 Lincoln Road, Miami Beach, Florida.
° Harold Е. Andrews, structural engineer and ar- chitect, announces the removal of his offices from
128 State St., to 82 State St., Albany, New York.
* The office of Dragon & Schmidts, architects, has been removed from 3016 Telegraph Avenue to Room 205, 2068 Allston Way, Berkeley, California.
* The Good Housekeeping Contest which has been open to archit ind owners during the past two building seasons will close June 30th, 1935. Two Gold Medal Awards will be given: one to the best remodeled house and one to the best re- modeled room or interior begun and completed be- tween June Ist, 1933, and June 30th, 1935. Further information can be had from Miss Helen Koues, Director Good Housekeeping Studio of Architecture and Furnishings, 57th St. at 8th Ave, New York.
Remodeling
DEATHS
* John du Fais, one-time associate of Cass Gilbert, John LaFarge and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, died at Miami Beach, Florida, March 14th. Mr. du Fais, who was 79 years old, was born in New York, and studied at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Shortly after his school work he helped decorate Trinity Church in Boston, later coming to New York to open his own archi- tectural office. He had worked on the State Capitol at Albany, the Cornelius Vanderbilt residence and the Produce Exchange and with Cass Gilbert was architect for the Union Club in New York. Mr. du Fais had been a member of the American In- stitute of Architects since 1901 and was president emeritus and a founder of the Architectural League of New York.
* Beverly S. King, New York architect, died March 4th from an injury received in an automobile ac- cident in Washington, D. C. Mr. King, who was 56 years old, had been a deputy administrator of the NRA since August, 1933 and supervised the basic and supplemental codes of sixty-five industries representing an investment of three billion dollars and a group of employees totalling 450,000. Mr. King was a philatelist of note, having written sev- eral books on the subject of stamp collecting. He was the owner of one of the finest collections of twentieth-century stamps in the country and was widely regarded as an authority in this field.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
THE FIRST TEST OF А WATERPROOFING MATERIAL
Can ДЕ Withstand Water? COAL TAR PITCH CAN
Many materials now used in waterproofing and damp- proofing actually disintegrate in the presence of water. This has caused very expensive failures in building foundations, tunnels, bridges, swimming pools and other concrete or masonry structures.
Genuine coal tar pitch as used in Soppor Water- proofing materials is practically insoluble in water and contains nothing which would induce absorption
A huge factory building оп the Adantic Seaboard being painted with Koppers HP Primer and Lumino to stop surface disintegration of the concrete.*
Concrete spalling on а two- level bridge in an eastern city. The waterproofing disin- tegrated.*
Koppers Waterproofing in new Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ready for final concrete course.
(*) Names on request.
of water or emulsification with water. The safest rule to follow in waterproofing or dampproofing work is to use only coal tar pitch in any place where water is encountered.
Send for the Sweet's reprint which gives complete details on various types of waterproofing and damp- proofing, and the Don Graf Data Sheets (notebook size) which give latest application details.
Koppers Waterproofing on sidewalk at the Pittsburgh Post Office just before final concrete course.
The foundation of this news- paper plant cracked and leaked when the wrong kind of water- proofing distintegrated.*
Koppers Waterproofing on the Compton Hill Reservoir, St. Louis, has already lasted 17 years.
KOPPERS PRODUCTS COMPANY
KOPPERS BUILDING - PITTSBURGH, PA.
KóPPERS Other Koppers Products: Roofing, Tarmac for Paving, Creosote, Tar-Base Paints FOR APRIL 1935
" _ Е = А
е КОРРЕК5 PRODUCTS СО., Pittsburgh, Ра. АА Send me а copy of
° ] Sweet's Reprint on Waterproofing and Dampproofing.
° | Don Graf Data Sheets on Waterproofing
°
e ‘Name...
€ IAddress............
EYN FLASHING
А PLAIN STATEMENT OF FACTS-
CHENEY Pioneered and Introduced Mechanically Keyed Thru-wall Copper Flashing to the Architecis and Builders of America. Millions of feet have been installed in all sections of the country without a single failure to our knowl- edge. The positive efficiency of Cheney Flashing is recognized without question.
MASONRY BOND TEST
Resistance to Rupture is the real test for any wall flashing. Tests made by Prof. F ick О. Апдегеда prove conclusively that Cheney Flashing does moke a positive mechanical bond.
EXPLANATION OF TEST В-!2'' x 36" x 42" brick ропе! F-Cheney Flashing L-Steel angle irons. P-Pulley. R-Rope. W—Weights
Two tests were conducted, one with Cheney Flashing, one with plain copper. Weights were added until wall froctured. Tes! wilh Cheney Flashing showed wall had а Modulus of Rupture of 27 pounds per square inch compared to 9 pounds per square inch for copper bond. Before wall could be pulled heney keys had to be sheored off, effective mechanical anchorage.
МА د عن
DRAINAGE TEST
Photo shows brick test panel of standard construction with Cheney Flashing installed and bottomless pan on top
Water equivalent to cloud burst precipitation, about 24 inches per hour, was poured into pan. In 37 seconds the water flowed out of wall over flashing, from each lower key, the | of panel, proving that Cheney Flashing autematicol Jes ils own weep-holes.
PRICES REDUCED
The initial cost of pioneering this product having been absorbed, it now becomes a pleasant duty to announce a drastic reduction in the price of Cheney Flashing to a point where it can be used to a much greater extent, not only in buildings of first class construction but in buildings of ordinary construction where first cost previously has prevented its use.
FLASHING MUST BOND IN EVERY DIRECTION
Recently а number of competitive thru-wall flashings have been placed on the market which bond in lateral directions only. Practically all of these flashings are formed with bumps, diamonds, circles, snakes, etc., which shapes usually are drawn or stretched from the sheet copper thereby thinning and hardening the metal. Such flashings are not much more effective than ordinary crimped copper yet they command a pre- mium above the price of crimped copper.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFICIENT FLASHING
Fundamentally—any thru-wall flashing should provide perfect drainage so that moisture can quickly drain from the wall; it should form a positive mechanical key-bond in every direction within the mortar bed; it should provide for expansion and contraction; it should have a water-tight inter- locking lap that requires no soldering; it should have a stiff counter- flashing face that huas the wall tightly after the base flashing has been installed.
CHENEY FLASHING IS THE ONLY PROVED THRU-W ALL FLASHING THAT EMBODIES EACH ONE OF THE ABOVE NECESSARY FEATURES
NATION-WIDE DISTRIBUTION
Cheney Flashing has nation-wide distribution and complete stocks are available through the factories, warehouses and distributors of REVERE COPPER and BRASS Incorporated.
CHENEY FLASHING IS MANUFACTURED ONLY BY
THE CHENEY COMPANY WINCHESTER, MASSACHUSETTS
NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH
CHICAGO
92
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
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The Readers
Have
a Word
to Say
° STRAIGHT THINKING Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
WAS greatly impressed by your
editorial in the March issue, “Time for Straight Thinking,” particularly with your definition of the practice of architecture. I think that this definition is the best expression of architectural practice that I have ever seen or heard, even better than the one which the late Andrew D. White gave us (facetiously, of course) at a Gargoyle banquet when I was an undergraduate. It is sub- stantially as follows: "Architecture is the art of covering one material with another to imitate a third which, if genuine, would be undesirable."—4Carl C. Tallman, Architect, Ithaca, N. Y.
АДА I express my appreciation of your “Time for Straight Think- ing" which appears in the March AMERICAN ARCHITECT. I believe you have very succinctly expressed the vital necessity at this time.
We have had on the one hand those people who have resisted the new solu- tions in the interests of traditional forms, just as a man refuses to wear a hat of novel block. On the other hand, we have had those people who in order to justify both the forms and their use of them are forced into the most extravagant and erroneous think- ing.
I am not so much upset about the oldsters as 1 am about the younger radicals. They are the ones who are setting the drift of the age and unfor- tunately they have done an enormous amount of grossly inaccurate thinking,
as for instance their contention that present architectural practice differs essentially from that of the — Robert
L. Anderson, Associate Professor of Architecture, Clemson Agricultural Col- lege, Clemson, S. C.
* SO WHAT? Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
NCLOSED is a statement for my
subscription and a check for same. I could not do without my copy of AMERICAN ARCHITECT.
As a retail lumberman I wish to ex- press my appreciation and approval of the letter written bv Mr. Morris S.
94
Cox, and printed in your February issue, He presented the problem in such forceful manner that I cannot
refrain from adding to it as it affects our locality.
We of the rural communities in this section live and build on a different standard from that familiar to the suc- cessíul architect. А $4,000 home is one that all dream of and few have. The average small home contains about 6,500 cu. ft., costs perhaps $2,000, and is designed by a retail lumberman or a carpenter. Of course, it lacks charm. There is no beauty of lines or propor- tion. In most cases the space is poorly utilized, and structural weaknesses are common. These qualities are not ex- pensive ones, yet why are they lacking?
Stock plans could possibly be the answer to our problem, but not the present available supply. I have a stack of them from a number of sources, none worth the postage. So what?—/oe Robertson, Marshfield, Missouri
* A READER PROTESTS Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
HE letter of P. W. Thomas, Engi-
neer, Rumford Falls Realty Co., pub- lished in AMERICAN ARCHITECT, page 96, February issue, makes it very defi- nite as to what he wants and I disagree with your comment that it is important that the profession find a “sound solu- tion" to these ''problems"—thousands of designs to be submitted and plans made available at a nominal cost and “what would the cost be" and that lists, folios, cuts be furnished. It is just another real estate outfit wanting “data” from an “agency.” Mr. Engineer knows what he wants and we are not suckers enough to furnish it. What is the matter with the local architect out his way? Perhaps he will not give service at a “nominal” fee—Harry Lucht, Architect. Cliffside Park, N. J.
As to the profession supplying numerous stock plans or sketches for the selection by and use of, building material dealers and real estate operators there can be no arqu- ment with Mr. Luchi's statement. The fact that companies of this kind want and need small house plans does show a demand for architectural service in this field. The prok lem remains: How can this demand be turned into business for architects? How those who demand this ice be made to see the advantage of p ional service a bet- ter solution of their problem?— Editor
rv
° REFERENCE ОМ FLASHINGS Editor, AMERICAN ARCHITECT:
PROPOS your excellent article
“Roofing Materials” appearing in
February AMERICAN ARCHITECT, may I make the following comments :
You say under flashings: “Copper is the preferred metal for all roofs, The Boston Society of Archi- tecture in their investigation through its Committee on Materials and Meth- ods states in an article appearing in Architecture, December, 1932, issue as follows :
“With wood shingles, the use of cop- per for flashings or gutters is not advis- able, the acid in the wood attacking the copper. Lead coated copper or zinc is recommended."
I have had personal experience with copper in contact with cedar shingles and have seen the copper removed after a few years almost completely rotted and pitted—and it was replaced with tin, painted !
With all the research data furnished by the copper industry I have never seen a reference to this deteriorating effect when used in contact with wood shingles.
Furthermore, the above quoted article states that sinc is recommended, where- as your statement under flashings is that zine may be used in place of copper for all roofings with the exception of wood shingles. This, I think, should be reconciled.
Under lead you say: “Lead may be used with any roof, etc.” I have in front of me a copy of a letter written by the Bureau of Standards, Wash- ington, D. C.—“ . . . the Bureau would strongly emphasize the need of pro- lective measures in the case of lead. Lead is often actively corroded by moisture penetrating the lime or cement if there is free lime present . . . the Bureau would suggest that the Lead Industries Association, Felix M. Worm- ser, Graybar Bldg., New York, be con- sulted.” This is in reference to lead flashings in contact with masonry.— Pierre Laird, Narberth, Pa.
In reply to Мг. Laird and for information of others, further research discloses that: Zinc is not recommended for flashings in wood shingled roofs by the zinc industry; that corrosion of copper flashings, particu- larly in open valleys, may develop at the
(Continued on page 108)
еїс.”
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
REPAINTEIL
Eagle Sublimed Blue Lead sets rem ord as rust-inhibitive paint on Pitts
"EET.
@ The Bloomfield Bridge, built in 1913. Steel | given priming coat of Eagle Sublimed Blue Lead | at the mill, and two more coats after structure was completed, This long-wearing paint gave
good service for 14 years! On the basis of this remarkable performance, Eagle Sublimed Blue Lead is now extensively used by the Depart- ment of Highway Bridges and Tunnels on
the steel maintenance of 350 bridges in Allegheny County.
A More Enduring Rust-Inhibitive Paint
Here’s why more and more engi- neers every year are recommend- ing Eagle Sublimed Blue Lead as the most efficient rust-inhibitive paint for all metal surfaces;
1 Being pure lead, it is more en- during Ane metal surfaces tenaciously, Does not chip or peel.
2 Being of extremely fine particles, it stays in suspension. Doesn't harden in container or clog the spraying nozzle. Equally satisfac- tory for brushing, spraying or dipping.
3 Chemically stops corrosion be-
| EAGLE 5,6, BLUE LEAD 4 Brushes easily, flowing out like “
enamel. Painters like it, BASIC SULPHATE OF LEAD, BLUE
5 Offers greatest economy. Lower in first cost than other high grade metal paints. Greater coverage боо to 800 square feet per gallon. Saves 40 to 50% { MAIL COUPON FOR FREE SAMPLE in material cost. Long lasting. EAGLE The Eagle-Picher Lead Company, Dept:A A4 Cincinnati, O. RED LEAD Please send me free sample of Sublimed Blue Lead — also @ You can buy Sublimed Blue Lead in paste form бараана qual descriptive booklet on this more efficient rust-inhibitive paint. (pure lead ground in pure linseed oil) under the Eagle ı ities make it ideal Name label—or in ready mixed form from reputable тапи for rush jobs АШИР. facturets, Send for descriptive booklet and free sample. id
Op u Ec Se aia EHE
APRIL 1935 95
ARCHITECTURE ALLIED ARTS
by Julius
Hoffman, Stuttgart. Illustrated; indexe 130 pages: size 9 x 111/2; price RM 12
OTEN TIALLY useful to all architects
interested in low cost houses and hous- ing developments, this book contains 450 illustrations comprising plans, elevations, sections, interiors, models and photo- graphs of small homes. Special attention is given to problems of orientation, space economy, planning in relation to land- scaping, and neighborhood development plans.
Like many German books, this volume is compiled with admirable thoroughness. 'The illustrations are largely self-explan- atory and the reader should not be greatly hampered by a possible inability to read the German text.
OUTLINE OF TOWN AND CITY PLANNING
Adams. undation. lllustrated; indexed;
price $3.00.
Published by the Rus
ERE is an authoritative, comprehen-
sive, and readable review of past efforts and modern aims in developing "planned environments” that should prove valuable to the city-planner, archi tect, and student alike. It opens with an outline of the development of city plan- ning from ancient times up to the present; continues with a much fuller treatment of modern tendencies, and closes with an illuminating appraisal of future possibil- ities. The foreword is by Franklin D Roosevelt.
Mr. Adams, a Fellow of the Royal In- stitute of British Architects, is associated with the City Planning Schools of МАТ. and Harvard University. In thirty years of practical experience he has made dis- tinguished contributions to this field in the United States, Canada and England
96
Above left: comparative room planning studies from Das Einfamilienhaus, Above Mass, Civic
from Outline of Town
and City
right, Newton,
Planning. sketch o Mont Saint Michel from Catholic Art
Right,
CATHOLIC ART
Published bi-monthly by Catholic Art Pub- lishing Co., Omaha, Nebraska, R. Е. Hen- nig, Editor. Illustrated; size 6/4 x 9/4; price: single copies, 60 cents: yearly sub- scription, $3.00; Canada, $3.25.
HE first issue of this new publication
contains 39 pages devoted to “Catholic Art and the Gothic Spirit.” The edi- torial content, which itself largely with the sources of inspiration of Gothic architecture, is illustrated with drawings by Pennell, Goodhue, Castle
concerns
and others.
DESIGN AND MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
Helen Rosenau, Ph.D. Published by Batsford, Ltd on. Illustrated; indexed; 48 pages; size 6 x 9; price 64
HIS paper-bound volume contains three
monographic studies which deal respec- tively with the orientation of thirteenth century churches, planning and architec- tural design of the period, and the status and methods of contemporary architects. Dr. Rosenau is a member of the staff of the University of Hamburg
Her concise and scholarly addition to the literature of Medieval architecture is ob- viously the product of long and careful re- search. Dr. Rosenau's book will interest architects, for it sketches an absorbing background for the work of today.
ENGINEERING BUSINESS
UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE
By H. Vandervoort Walsh. Published Бу Art Education Press, Inc., New York. Illus- trated: indexed; 24 pages; size 9 x 12: price 50 cents.
BRIEF but extraordinarily compre- hensive work dealing with modern architecture. While intended primarily for use in the class-room, this book might be of interest to many architects and lay- men as the reflection of an informed and authoritative point of view. The author is well known as an archi- tect and as Assistant Professor of Archi- tecture Columbia University.
AIR CONDITIONING FOR HEATING CONTRACTORS
Part V
Edited by S. Lewis Land; published by Heating, Piping and Air Conc tioning Con- tractors National Association, 1250 Sixth
e, N York. Р und pam- phlet, 4 x 7/5; 30 pages; pr 50 fs.
HIS is the concluding booklet in a
series of practical lessons on air condi- tioning prepared primarily Гог contractors but of equal value to architects interested in acquainting themselves with the tech- nique of this field. This lesson relates to steam jet refrigeration and ice cooling methods.
AMERICAN ARCHITECT
BRIEF
ITECT
Coaster Drafting Chair and Lights 427M А coaster-type chair for drafting tables and a battery of coaster lights for illuminating draft- ing boards has been developed by Hamilton Mfg. Company, Two Rivers, Wis. Front legs of the chair are supported on a lateral track attached to the drafting table, with ball-bearing fibre wheels running in a channel guide. This not only permits lateral movement in íront of the draíting table, but also a forward and backward movement through a pivot in the lower part of the frame. "The coaster lights consist of three adjustable lights attached to a ball-bearing, rolling unit which runs in a channel at the back edge of the drafting board. In addi- tion to the sidewise movement, each lamp may be swung in a circle to illuminate апу particular area.
Convertible Motors 428M ^ new line of convertible
squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors, offering all standard frequencies for service ranging from 110 to 220 volts, has been introduced by the Harnischfeger Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis. The feature of these motors is their convertibility from open type to fan cooled, splash-proof or totally enclosed construction. This is accomplished through the design of the frame, and heads and bearings.
Acid-proof Cement 429M А new = quick-setting acid- proof cement known as Sauer-Eisen Acid Proof Cement No. 21, has been developed by Technical Products Company, Pittsburgh. It consists of a white powder of high silica content which is mixed with water to a smooth, creamy consistency, hardening in 36 hours by chemical set into a acid-proof, porcelain-like struc- ture. The cement has an initial "set" which is rapid enough so that the lay- ing of bricks may be continuous. It is also resistant to water, fumes and many solvents, including fire.
Vaporproof Reflector Globes
430M For certain conditions т
chemical plants, distilleries and breweries where excessive dust and fumes make cleaning difficult. the Holophane Company, Inc., New York, FOR
APRIL 1935
REVIEWS OF MANUFACTURERS: ANNOUNCEMENTS TO KEEP THE ARCH- INFORMED OF NEW PRODUCTS
New
has added Model No. 02368 to its line
of vaporproof reflector globes. This unit is smooth on both outside and in- side surfaces, and has a distribution curve between 40 and 55 degrees.
Fou 4* Ф.Р № е % Ф ә еее Ф
Sens [e DAP * o
One-Half Actual Size
Multigrip Floor Plate
431M Multigrip, a new floor plate
for anti-skid surfaces, has re- cently been introduced by the Illi- nois Steel Company, Chicago. The design of the plate has been developed to assure a high degree of skid re- sistance from every angle. Risers are scientifically distributed and flat on top. The pattern is continuous re- gardless of the manner in which ad- joining plates are laid.
Materials
and Equipment
Stainless Paint 432M The development of a stain-